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BRITISH ZOOLOGY. 


CLASS IL 


GENUS XVIiI, se, BIRDS. 


WITH AN 


A eee OR New D. LX, 


AW 


ESSAY ON ‘BIRDS OF PASSAGE, 


LoN DON: 


PRINTED FOR BENJAMIN WHITE, 
ALT HORACE,S HEAD, FLEET-SfREET, 


MDCCLXVIITI, 


“thee aii torn 


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| i fav te LAMAR, He 
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hen ee irovigh eu as He ENS Shp “gual rite 


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wy at ue Ha ne 
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auth of Ry tae vn ies i Yom : 
Sone acer antl9as 2 ie i a sty. 
aie ca ae waresidy er " Lee 
avaslie gies Owe 
“as Sen cohave aeN THO Burcu bye 


norco en 2 Lei oT gy pee 


SS 


“Clafs IL. SK ¥ LTAIR'K, digs 


Genus XVIII. LARK S. 


Mo the “S Kel ACR: K: 


L’Alouette. Belon av. 269. L’Alouette. Brion av. ili. 335. 


Chamochilada. OJ/ 12. Allodola, Panterana. Zinan. 55. 
Alauda fine crifta. Gef/er av. Alaudaarvenfis. Lin. /y/?. 287. 
78. Larka. Faun, Suec. /p. 209. 
Aldr. av. ii. 369. Alauda ccelipeta. Klein ftem, 

Lodola. Olina 12. TOADS on 8) dc 

Common Field Lark, or Sky- Sang-Loerke. Br. 221. 
lark. Wil. orn. 203. Feldlerche. Kram. 362. 

Raii fyn. av. 69. Br. Zool. 93. plate S. 2. f. 7 


of Ieee length of this fpecies is feven inches one- Defer, 
fourth: the breadth twelve and a half: the 
weight one ounce and a half: the tongue broad and 
cloven: the bill flender: the upper mandible dusky, 
the lower yellow: above the eyes is a yellow fpot: 
the crown of the head a reddifh brown fpotted with 
deep black : the hind part of the head afh-color, It 
_has the faculty of erecting the feathers of the head. 
The feathers on the back and coverts of the wings 
dusky edged with reddifh brown, which is paler on 
the latter: the quil-feathers dusky : the exterior web 
edged with white, that of the others with reddifh 
brown: the chin is white: the upper part of the 
breatt yellow fpotted with black: the lower part of 
the body of a pale yellow: the exterior web, and 
half of the interior web next to the fhaft of the firft 
R | feather 


234 SKY LARK Clafs II. 


feather of the tail are white; of the fecond only the 
exterior web ; the reft of thofe feathers dusky; the 
others are dusky edged with red ; thofe in the middle 
deeply fo, the reft very flightly: the legs dusky: 
foles of the feet yellow : the hind claw very long and 
ftrait. ) 

This and the woodlark are the only birds that fing 
as they fly ; this raifing its note as it foars, and lower- 
ing it till ic quite dies away as it defcends. It will 
often foar to fuch a height that we are charmed with 
the mufic when we lofe fight of the fongfter; it alfo 
begins its fong before the earlieft dawn. Milton, in 
his Allegro, mof beautifully expreffes thefe circum- 
flances: and Bp. Newton obferves, that the beautiful 
fcene that Aéilion exhibites of rural chearfulnefs, at 
the fame time gives us a fine picture of the regularity 
of his life, and the innocency of his own mind; thus 
he defcribes himfelf as in a fituation 


To hear the lark begin his Aight, 
And finging ftartle the dull night,. 
From his watch tower in the fkics, 
Jill the dappled dawn doth rife. 


Ic continues its harmony feveral months, beginning 
early in the f{pring, on pairing. [n the winter they 
affemble in vaft flocks, grow very fat, and are taken 
in great numbers for our tables. ‘They build their 
neft on the ground, beneath fome clod; forming it 

ef hay, dry fibres, &c. and lay four or five eggs. 
The place thefe birds are taken in the greateft 
quantity, is the neighbourhood of Daxjfable: the fea- 
fon. 


DSI 


Cael, (SKY LAK: 235 


fon begins about the fourteenth of September, and 
ends the twenty-fifth of February; and during that 
fpace, about 4000 dozen are caught, which fupply 
the markets of the metropolis. Thofe caught in the 
day are taken in clap-nets of fiveteen yards length, 
and two and a half in breadth ; and are enticed with- 
in their reach by means of bits of looking-glafs, 
fixed in a piece of wood, and placed in the middle of 
the nets, which are put in a quick whirling motion, 
by a ftring the larker commands; he alfo makes ufe 
of a decoy lark. Thefe nets are ufed only till the 
fourteenth of November, for the larks will not dare, 
or frolick in the air except in fine funny weather ; and 
of courfe cannot be inviegled into the fnare. When 
the weather grows gloomy, the larker changes his 
engine, and makes ufe of atrammel net twenty-feven 
or twenty-eight feet long and five broad; which is 
put on two poles eighteen feet long, and carried by 
men under each arm, who pafs over the fields and 
quarter the ground as a fetting dog; when they hear 
or feel a lark hit the net, they drop it down, and fo 
the birds are taken. 


R 2 Il. The 


Defer. 


236 WOOD-LARK. Clafs I. 


Il. The WOOD-LARK. 


Tottavilla. Ofna 27. Faun. Suec. fp. 211. 
Wil. orn. 204. _  Ludilerche, Waldlerche. Kram: 
Rati fyn. av. 69. 362. 


L’ Alouette de Bois ou le Cuje- Dus Skeove Menkes Cimbris 
lier. Briffon av. ill. 340. Heede-Lerke, Lyng-Lerke. 
tab. 20. fig. 1 Br. 224. 

Alauda arborea. Lin. Sift. 287. Br. Zool. g4. plate Q. f. 3. 


‘H1S bird is inferior in fize to the fky-lark, and 

is of a fhorter thicker form; the colors are 
paler, and its note lefs fonorous, though not lefs 
fweet. Thefe and the following characters, which 
Mr. Willoughby points out, may ferve at once to dif- 
tinouifh it from the common kind: it perches on 
trees ; it whiftles like the black-bird. The crown of 
the head, and the back, are marked with large black 
fpots edged with pale reddifh brown: the head is 
fatrounded with a whitifh coronet of feathers, reach- 
ing from eye to eye: the throat is of yellowifh white 
fpotted with black: the breaft is tinged with red: 
the belly white: the coverts of the wings are brown 
edged with white and dull yellow: the quil-feathers 
dufky ; the exterior edges of the three firft white; 
of the others yellow, and their tips blunt and white : 
the firft feather of the wing is fhorter than the 
fecond; in the common lark it is near equal: 
the tail-is black, the outmoft feather is tipt with 
white: the exterior web, and inner fide of the 
interior are alfo white; in the fecond feather, the 
exterior web only: the legs are of a dull yellow; 
the hind claw very long. The wood- lark will fing in 
the 


Clafs II. Lr EWA eR 237 


the night, and like the common lark will fing as it 
flies. It builds on the ground, in the fame manner 
as the former; but the fpecies is not near fo nu- 
merous. The males of this and the laft are known 
from the females by their fuperior fize. 


ih vEher Pol TeLicAoR K: 


La Farloufe, Fallope ou L’Alow- Mattolina, Petragnola, Corriera. 


ette de pre. Belon av. 272. Zinan. 55. 
Aldr. av. ii. 370. _ Alauda pratenfis. Lin. ff. 287. 
Lodolo di Prato. Oliza 27. F aun. Suec. Jp. 210. 
Wil. orn. 206. Englerke, Br. 223. 
Raii fyn. av. 69. Br. Zool. 94. plates Q. f. 6. 


L’Alouette de prez ou la Far- Pate cihy 20 
loufe. Briffon av. il. 343. 


“FA HIS bird is found ‘frequently in low marfhy | 


grounds: like other larks it builds its neft a- 
mong the grafs, and lays five or fix eggs. Like the 
woodlark it fits on trees; and has a moft remark- 
able fine note, a circumftance that till of late we 
were unacquainted with: it is a bird of an elegant 
flender fhape: the length is five inches and a half: 
the breadth nine inches: the bill is black: the back 
and head is of a greenifh brown, fpotted with black : 
the throat and lower part of the belly are white: the 
breaft yellow, marked with oblong fpots of black : 
the tail is dufky; the exterior feather is varied by a 
bar of white, which runs acrofs the end and takes in 
the whole outmoft web, The claw on the hind toe 
is very long, the feet yellowifh: the fubject figured 

R 3 In 


Defer, 


Defer. 


238 LESSER FIELD LARK. Clafs Il. 


in plate P. 1. of the folio edition, is a variety with 
dusky legs, fhot on the rocks on the coaft of Caer- 
narvonfbire. 


IV. The LESSER FIELD LARE 


HIS fpecies we received from Mr. Phmly, 

and find it the fame with that defcribed by 
Mr. Willoughby, page 207. It is larger than the 
tit-lark ; the head and hind-part of the neck are of a 
pale brown fpotted with dusky lines, which on the 
neck are very faint. The back and rump are of a 
dirty green; the former marked in the middle of 
each feather with black, the latter plain. The coverts 
of the wings dufky, deeply edged with white. The 
quil-feathers dusky; the exterior web of the firft 
edged with white, of the others with a yellowifh 
green. The throat is yellow: the breaft of the fame 
color, marked with large black fpots: the belly and 
vent feathers white: on the thighs are a few dusky 
oblong lines: the tail is dusky : half the exterior and 
interior web of the outmoft feather is white ; the next 
is marked near the end with a fhort white ftripe 
pointing downwards. The legs are of a very pale 
brown ; and the claw on the hind toe very fhort for 
one of the lark kind, which ftrongly diftinguithes it 
from the fit-Jaré. 


V. The 


Clafs Il. RED+L ARK. 239 


Ve The RD ARK: 


Edw. 297. Br. Zool. 94. 
Briffin av. Suppl. 94. 


HIS bird Mr. Edwards difcovered in the neigh- 
borhood of London. By his figure it feems of 
the fize of the laft fpecies. The head; hind part of 
the neck, and back are of a dusky brown: a blackith 
line paffes through each eye; above that is a clay 
colored one. The wings and tail are of a dark 
brown; the exterior feathers of the latter wholly 
white: the tips of the two next on each fide alfo 
white: the under fide from bill to tail of a reddith 
brown, marked with dusky fpots: the legs are of a 
dark brown: the hind claw fhorter than that of the 
common lark. When the wings are gathered up, 
_ the third quil-feather from the body reaches to its 
tip, which is a conftant character of the water wag- 
tail genus. 


VI. The LESSER CRESTED LARK. 


Alauda criftata minor. 4/dr. av, Lapetitealouettehupée. Brifiz 
We 7 1. av. Ill. 361. 


Wil, orn. 209. Br. Zool, 95. 
Raii fyn. av. 6q- 


GC Daan {fpecies we find in Mr. Rey’s hiftory of 
Englifh birds ; who fays it is found in York/hire, 
but gives us only this brief defcription of it, from 

R 4 Aldro- 


Defer, 


240 GRASSHOPPER LARK. Clafs ID. 


Alldrovandus : it is like the greater crefted lark, but 
much lefs, and not fo brown; that it hath a confider- 
able tuft on its head for the fmallnefs of its body ; 
and that its legs are red. We never faw this kind ; 
but by Mr. Bolton’s lift of York/bire birds, which he 
favoured us with, we are informed it is in plenty 
in that country. 


VII. The. ,GRASSHOPPER LARK, 
i4g cobveee? is ‘p fle yea ied of t Peo tiatllm fo. Select: 


Tit-lark that sme like a Grafs- Ray’s letters 108. a ee 
hopper. Wil. orn. 209. Alauda fepiaria, L’ Alouette de 

Alauda minima locufte voce. Buiffon. Briffon av. iii. 347 
Locuftella D. Fobn/on. Alauda trivalis. Liz. ff. 288. 

Raié fyt. av. 70. Br. Zool. gg. plate Q. f. 5. 


6 bs HIS bird we received out of Shropfhire: it is 
the fame with that Mr. Ray defcribes as having 
the note of the grafshopper, but louder and fhriller, 
When it fings it fits on the higheft branch of a bufh, 
with its mouth open and ftrait up, and its wings dif- 
heveled: its fibilous note is obferved to ceafe about 
the latter end of uly: it is far lefs than the ¢it-lark. 
Defer. The bill is very fender, of a dusky color: the 
head, and whole upper part of the body is of a 
greenifh brown, fpotted with black : the quil-feathers 
dusky, edged with an olive brown: the tail is very 
long, compofed of twelve fharp pointed feathers ; the 
two middlemoft are the longeft, the others on each 
fide grow gradually fhorter. The under fide of the 
body is of adull yellowifh white, darkeft about the 
breaft: the legs are of a dirty white: the hind claw 
fhorter, and more crooked, than is ufual in the lark 
kind. 
VUI. The 


att lan niacin 


Casi, WILVOW WARK. “241 


WIE, The VT, Oo We Are 


Pikes sl, 


| a ed Gi oP reitiin ESS Say 2 ae 
Br. Zool. 95. plateQ. fi 4. ie ‘fo a 


eek {pecies has exactly the fame actions and 
note with the preceding bird. It annually vi- 
fits fome willow hedges near a pool in Whiteford 
parith, Fuintfbire ; where it continues the whole fum- 
mer, It is inferior in fize to the laft. The head, 
back, and coverts of the wings are of a yellowifh brown 
marked with dusky fpots : the quil-feathers are dusky; 
their exterior edges of a dirty yellow: over each eye 
from the bill paffes a whitifh ftroke, The chin and 
throat are white : the whole under fide of the body is 
of adull yellowifh white : the tail is of a dark brown: 
the legs are of a yellowifh brown: the back claw like 
that of the preceding bird. 
To thefe may be added a fpecies taken in the 
_ neighborhood of London, called by the bird catchers 
a pippit ; we have not feen it, fo can only, from their 
report, fay that it has fome refemblance to the /7/- 
lark; but its note is much inferior to all other birds 


of this {pecies. 


Genus 


ee 737. 


Defer. 


Defer, 


242 HOUSE SWALLOW. ClafsIE 


Genus XIX. SWALLOWS. 
I; The HOUSE SWALLOW. | 


La petite Hirondelle. Belonav. ‘L’Hirondelle deCheminée. Bri 
Jon av. i. 486. 


378. 
Hirundo domeftica. Ge/ner av. Hirundo rnftica. Lin. fi. 343: 


548. Ladu-Swala. Fauz. Suec. /p. 
Alar. av. ii. 2094. 270. 
Houfe or chimney Swallow. 777. Forftue-Svale, Mark - Svale. 
orn. 212. Brunnich 289. 
Rati fin. av. 71. Haufs Schwalbe, Kram. 380. 
Rondone. Zinan. 47. Br. Zoo. 96. 


t 


op HIS fpecies appears in Great-Britain near 

twenty days before the martin, or any other of 
the {wallow tribe, They leave us the latter end of 
September , and for a few days previous to their depar- 
ture, they affemble in vaft flocks on houfe tops, 
churches, and even trees, from whence they take 
their flight. It is now known that fwallows take 
their winter quarters in Senegal, and poffibly they 
may be found along the whole Morocco fhore. We 
are indebted to M. 4dan/on * for this difcovery, who 
firft obferved them in the month of Oéfober, after 
their migration out of Eurepe, on the fhores of that 
kingdom: but whether it was this fpecies alone, or 
all the European kinds, ke is filent. 

The houfe {wallow is diftinguifhed from all others 
by the fuperior forkinefs of its tail, and by the red 
fpot on the forehead, and under the chin. 

The crown of the head, the whole upper part of - 
the body, and the coverts of the wings are black, 

* Voyage to Sexegal, p. tat. 


glofled 


Clafs If. MARTIN. 242 


gloffed with a rich purplifh blue. The breaft and 
belly white, tinged with red: the tail black; the 
two middle feathers plain: the others marked tranf- 
verfely near their ends with a white fpot. 

Its food is the fame with the others of its kind, 
viz. infects; for the taking of which in their fwifteft 


flight, nature hath admirably contrived their fe 


veral parts; their mouths are very wide to take 
in flies, &c. in their quickeft motion ; their wings 
are long, and adapted for diftant and continual 
flight ; and their tails are forked, to enable them to 
turn the readier in purfuit of their prey. This {pe- 


cies builds in chimneys, and makes its neft of clay, 
leaving the top quite open. It breeds earlier than any 


other fpecies; and this year the young brood were 
_ obferved to quit the neft on the eleventh of Fuly. 


Il. Thee MARTIN. 


Le Martinet. Belon av. 380. La petite Hirondelle, ou le Mar- 

Hirundo fylvettris. Ge/ner av. tinet a cul blanc. Briffin av. 
564. ii. 490. 

Aldr. av. i. 311. Hirundo urbica. Liz. /y/. 34.46 

Martin, Martlet, or Martinet. Hus-Swala. Faun. Succ. YP 27K 
Wil, orn. 213. . Speyerl. Kram. 380. 

Raii yn. av. 71. Danis Bye v. Tagfkiceg-Svale, 

Rondone minore, e Graflolo, Langelandis, Rive. Br. 290. 
Zinan. 48. Br. Zool. 96. plate Q. f. 2. 


wae ae Martin is inferior in fize to the former, 
and its tail much lefs forked. The head and 
upper part of the bedy, except the rump, is black 
elofied with blue: the breaft, belly and rump are 
white : the feet are covered with a fhort white down, 
This is the fecond of the {wallow kind that appears 
in our country. It builds under the eaves of houfes, 

with 


Deicr. 


Defer. 


‘ 


244 SAND MARTIN. Clafs If. 


with the fame materials, and in the fame form asthe 
the ‘houfe fwallow, only its neft is covered above, 
having only a fimall hole for admittance. We have 
alfo feen this fpecies build againft the fides of high 
cliffs over the fea. [t is a later breeder than the pre- 
ceding by fome days: but borh will lay twice in the 
feafon ; and the latter brood’of this fpecies have been 
obferved to come forth fo late as. the eighteenth of 
September , yet that year (1766) they entirely quitted 
our fight by the fifth of Odfober ; not but they fome- 
times continue here much later: the martins and red 
wing thrufhes having been ieen flying in view on the 
feventh of November. | 


Ml Thee S AND "MAL: Baa 
L’Hirondelle de rivage. Belon Cat. Carol. app. 37. 


av. 379. Rondone riparia. Z7vaz. 49. 
Hirundo riparia, feu Drepanis. Hirundo riparia. Lin Sif. F4dn 
Gefner av. 565. otrand~-{wala, Back-fwala. Faun. 
Dardanelli. Aldr. av. il. 312. Suec. fp. 273 
Sand Martin, or Shore Bird. Danis Dig-v. Jord-fvale, Soik 
Wil. orn. 213. bakke. Norweg. Sand-Rznne. 
Raii fyn. av. 71. Er. 291. 
L’Hirondelle de rivage. Brifor Geftetten-{chwalbe. Kram. 381. 
av. il. 506. Br. Zool. g7. plate Q. f.1. 


ee is the left of the genus that frequents Great- 

Britain. The head and whole upper part of the 
body are moufe colored : the throat white, encircled 
with a moufe colored ring : the belly white: the feet 
fmooth and black, 

It builds in holes in fand pits, and in the banks 
of rivers. It makes its neft of hay, ftraw, &c. and 
lines it with feathers: it lays five or fix egos, which 
are white, as are all thofe of this tribe. 


IV. The 


Clafs II. SAW Vb R or, 245 


IV i Dhe »S WW 1E.T,. 


La grande Hirondelle, Moutar- Le Martinet. Brifin ay, ii, 
dier ou grand Martinet. Be/on. 514. 


aU. 377. Hirundo apus. Lin. fi. 344. 
Apus. Ge/ner av. 166. Rine-fwala. Faun. Suec. fp. 272. 
Aldr. av. ii. 312. Steen, Kirke-v. Sze-Svale. 
Black Martin, or Swift. W7l. Br. 292. 

orn. 214. Speyer, groffe thurn {chwalbe, 
Rati fyn. av. 72. Kram. 380. 

Rondone. Zinan. 47. jue Bra Zool.O7/ 


but the weight is moft difproportionately {mall 


to its extent of wing of any bird ; the former being 
fcarce one ounce, the latter eighteen inches. ‘The 


mats fpecies is the largeft of our f{wallows ; 


lensth near eight. The feet of this bird are fo {mall 
he action of walking and of rifing from the 
eround is extremely difficult; fo that nature hath 
made it full amends by furnifhing it with ample 
means for an eafy and continual flight. It is more 
on the wing than any other fwallows; its flight is 
more rapid, and that attended with a thrill fcream. 
It refis by clinging againft fome wall, or other apt 
body ; from whence K/ein ftyles this {pecies Hirundo 
muraria. \t breeds under the eaves of houfes, in 
fteeples, and other lofty buildings. It is entirely of per. 
a footy color, only the chin is marked with a white 
fpot. The feet are of a particular ftructure, all the 
toes flanding forward; the left confifts of only one 
bone; the others of an equal number, viz. two each; 
in which they differ from thofe of all other birds. 
This appears in our country about fourteen days 


Jater chan the fand martin; but differs greatly in the 


° 


time of its departure, retiring invariably about the 


For 


246 


GOATSUCKER. 


Clafs IT. 


For thefe, and feveral other obfervations, we owe 
our acknowlegements to the reverend Mr. White, of 


Selborne, Hampfbire. 


Vv. The GOAT SUCKER: 


L’Effraye ou Frefaye. Belon av. 
343° 

Caprimulgus ( Geiffmelcher } 
Gefner av. 241. 

Calcabotto. Afr. av.i. 288. 

Fern Owl, Goat Owl, or Goat- 
fucker. Wil. orn. 107. 

Cat. Carol. i. 8. 

Raii fjn. av. 26. 

Dorrhawk, accipiter cantharo- 


Covaterra. Zinan. 94. 

Caprimolgus europzus. 
Sf. 346. 

Natikrafva, Natfkrarra, Quall< 
knarren. Faux. Suec. fp. 274. 

Hirundo cauda equabili. H. 
caprimulga. Kieiz hif. av 
81. fig. 1. 

Nat. Ravn, Nat-Skade, Aften- 
Bakke. Br. 293. 


Lin 


phagus. Charlton ex. 79. Muckenftecher, Nachtrabl. Kram. 
Le Tette chevre ou Crapaud 
volant. Briffoe av. il. 470. 


tab. 44. 


381. 
Br. Zool. 97. plate R. R. 1. 


pe LETN, with much propriety, hath placed this 
bird in the {wallow tribe ; and ftyles it a /wallow 
with an undivided tail. It has moft of the characters 
of this genus, fuch as a very {mall bill, vaft mouth, 
and {mall legs. Itis alfo a bird of paffage, agrees in 
its food with this genus, and its manner of taking it, 
and differs only in the hours of its preying; this 
flying by night: fo with juftice it may be ftyleda 
nofiurnal fwallow. It feeds on’ moths, gnats, and 
dorrs, or chaffers ; from whence Charlton calls it the 
Dorr hawk. The goatfucker makes but a fhort ftay 
with us; not appearing here till the latter end of 
May, and retiring about the middle of Aagaf#. Iris 
common in the wooded and mountanous parts of 
Great-Britain ; begins its flight towards evening 3. 
and while on wing makes a loud and fingular noife, 


* Belon’s figure p. 343. fuits our white owl, but his defcription 
P- 344. agrees with the goatfucker, 
fo 


Clafs II. GOATSUCKER, 247 


fo much refembling that of a large {pinning wheel, 
that the Wel/h call this bird Aderyn y droell, or the 
awheel bird. ‘This noife being made only in its flight, 
we may fuppofe it to be caufed by the refiftance of the 
air againft the hollow of its vaftly extended mouth 
and throat: for it flies with both open to take its 
prey. When perched, its note is no more than a 
fmall fqueak, repeated four or five times together. 
It lays its eggs on the bare ground; ufually two, or 
at moft three: they are of a long fhape, of a whitifh 
hue, prettily marbled with reddifh brown. 

The colors of thefe birds, though plain, have a 
beautiful effect from the elegance of their difpofition, 
cenfifting of black, white, brown, grey aad ferru- 
ginous, difperfed in form of bars, ftreaks and fpots. 

The male is diftinguifhed from the female by an 
oval white fpot near the end of each of the three firft 
guil-feathers: and another on the two outmoft fea- 
thers of the tail: The color of the whole plumage is 
alfo much more ferruginous. Their weight is only 
two ouncesandahalf. Their length ten inches and 
a half: their breadth twenty-two: the irides are 
hazel: the bill is fcarce one-third of an inch long: 
the gape of the bill, when opened, is near two inches 
from tip to tip: that of the mouth from corner to 
corner one inch three-quarters: the corners of the 
mouth thick fet with ftrong briftles: the infide of a 
purple color: the tongue is very fmall, and placed 
Jow in the mouth: the noftrils are a little tubular, 
and prominent: the legs {mall, fcaly and feathered 
below the knees. The middle toe connected to thofe 


on each fide by a {mall membrane reaching to the 
firft 


Defer. 


248 GOATSUCKER.  Clafs II. 


firft joint: the claw of the middle toe is broad, thin, | 
and ferrated. 


Of the difappearance of fwallows. 


There are three opinions among naturalifts con- 
cerning the manner the {wallow tribes difpofe of them- 
felves after their difappearance from the countries in 
which they make their faummer refidence, Herodotus 
mentions one fjecies that refides in Egypt the whole. 
year: Profper Alpinus* afferts the fame; and Mr. 
Loten, late governor of Ceylon, affured us, that thofe 
of Fava never remove. Thefe excepted, every other 
known kind obferve a periodical migration, or re- 
treat. The fwallows of the cold Norway +, and of 
North America t, of the diftant Kamt/chatka§, of the 
temperate parts of Europe, of Aleppo||, and of the 
hot Famaica**, all agree in this one point. 

In cold countries, a defect of infeé&t food on the api- 
proach of winter, is a fufficient reafon for thefe birds 
to quit them: but fince the fame caufe probably does- 
not fubfift in the warm climates, recourfe fhould be 
had to fome other reafoncfor their vanifhing. 

Of the three opinions, the firft has the utmoft ap- 
pearance of probability; which is, that they remove 
nearer the fun, where they can find a continuance of 
their natural diet, and a temperature of air fuiting 


* Hirundines duplicis generis ibi obfervantur; patrie {fcilicet 
que nunquam ab #eyprodifcedentes, ibi perpetuo morantur, atque 
peregrine, he funt noftratibus omnino fimiles; patriz vero toto 
etiam ventre nigricant. . Hif. Ligypt. i. 198. 

+ Pontop. bift. Norw. ii. 98. 

t Cat. Carcl.i. 51. app. 8. 

§ Hift. Kamt/. 162. 

\\ Ruffel Alep. 70. 

*® Phil. tranf. No. 36. 


, 


their 


Clafs IT. SWALLOWS. 249 


their conftitutions. That this is the cafe with fome 
fpecies of European {wallows, has been proved beyond 
contradiction (as above cited) by M. Adanfon. We 
often obferve them collected in flocks innumerable on 
churches, on rocks, and on trees, previous to their 
departure hence ; and Mr. Collinfon proves their re- 
turn here in perhaps equal numbers, by two curious 
relations of undoubted credit. The one communi- 
cated to him by Mr. Wright, mafter of a fhip, the 
other by the late Sir Charles Wager, who both def- 
~ cribed (tothe fame purpofe) what happened to each 
in their voyages. ‘‘ Returning home, jays Sir Charles, 
“in the fpring of the year, as I came into founding 
“* in our channel, a great flock of {wallows came and 
<* fettled on all my rigging ; every rope was covered; 
“¢ they hung on one another like a fwarm of bees; 
“ the decks and carving were filled with them. 
«© They feemed almoft famifhed and fpent, and were 
** only feathers and bones ; but being recruited with 
“a night’s reft, toke their flight in the morning *.” 
This vaft fatigue, proves that their journey muft 
have been very great, confidering the amazing {wift- 
nefs of thefe birds: in all probability they had crofled 
the Atlantic ocean, and were returning from the fhores 
of Senegal, or cther parts of Africa; fo that this ac- 
count from that moft able and honeft feaman, con- 
firms the later information of M. Adan/ou. 

The fecond notion has great antiquity on its fide. 
Arifiotle+- and Pliny £ give, as their belicf, that fwal- 


* Phil. tranf. vol. li, part 2. p. 459. 
+ Hift. an. 935. 
Leo, VO. cule de g 5 
; ows 


240 SWALLOWS. Clafs I. 


lows do not remove very far from their fummer ha- 
bitation, but winter in the hollows of rocks, and du- 
ring that time lofe their feathers. The former part of 
of their opinion has been adopted by feveral ingenious 
men; and of late, feveral proofs have been brought 
of fome fpecies, at left, having been difcovered ina 
torpid ftate. Mr. Collinfon* favored us with the 
evidence of three gentlemen, eye-witnefles to num- 
bers of fand martins being drawn out of a cliff on 
the Rhine, in the month of March 1762 +. Andthe 
honorable Mr. Daznes Barrington, this year, commu- - 
nicated to us the following fa&, on the authority of 
the late lord Belhaven, that numbers of fwallows _ 
have been found in old dry walls, and in fandhills 
near his lordfhip’s feat in Ea Lothian ; not once only, 
but from year to year ; and that when they were ex- 
pofed to the warmth of a fire, they revived. We 
have alfo heard of the fame annual difcoveries near 
Morpeth in Northumberland, but cannot fpeak of them 
with the fame affurance as the two former: neither 
in the two laft inftances are we certain of the particu- 
lar fpecies {. 

The above, are circumftances we cannot but affent 
to, though feemingly contradictory to the common 
courfe of nature in regard to other birds. We muft, 
therefore, divide our belief relating to thefe two fo 
different opinions, and conclude, that one part of 
the fwallow tribe migrate, and that others have their 


* By letter, dated Fume 14, 1764. 

+ Phil. tranf. vol. 53. p. 101. art. 24. 

{ Klein gives an initance of /-i/s being found in a torpid fate. 
Hifi, av. 204. , 


winter ~ 


Ch&ll. “SWALLOWS. Be 


winter quarters near home. [If it fhould be demand- 
ed, why fwallows alone are found in a torpid ftate, 
and not the other many {pecies of foft billed birds, 
which likewife difappear about the fame time? The 
following reafon may be affigned : 

No birds are fo much on the wing as fwallows, 
none fly with fuch fwiftnefs and rapidity, none are 
obliged to fuch fudden and various evolutions in their 
flight, none are at fuch pains to take their prey, and 
we may add, none exert their voice more inceffantly ; 
all thefe occafion a vaft expence of ftrength, and of 
fpirits, and may give fuch a texture to the blood, 
that other animals cannot experience; and fo difpofe, 
or we may fay, neceffitate, this tribe of birds, or part 
of them, at left, toa repofe more lafting than that of 
any others. 

The third notion is, even at firft fight, too ama- 
zing and unnatural to merit mention, if it was not 
that fome of the learned have been credulous enough 
to deliver, for fact, what has the ftrongeft appearance 
of impoffibility ; we mean the relation of fwallows 
paffing the winter immerfed under ice, at the bottom 
of lakes, or lodged beneath the water of the fea at 
the foot of rocks. ‘The firft who broached this opi- 
nion, was Olaus Magnus, archbifhop of Up/a/, who 
very gravely informs us, that thefe birds are often 
found in cluftered maffes at the bottom of the northern 
lakes, mouth to mouth, wing to wing, foot to foot ; 
and that they creep down the reeds in autumn, to their 
fubaqueous retreats. That when old fifhermen dif- 
cover fuch a mafs, they throw it into the water again; 
but when young inexperienced ones take it, they will, 


Si2 by 


25 SWALLOWS. Clafs 18. 
by thawing the birds at a fire, bring them indeed to 
the ufe of their wings, which will continue but a 
very fhort time, being owing to a premature and 
forced revival *. ? 

That the good archbifhop did not want credulity; 
in other inftances, appears from this, that after 
having ftocked the bottoms of the lakes with birds, 
heft ores the clouds with mice, which fometimes fali 
in plentiful fhowers on Norway and the neighboring 
countries }*. 

Some of our own countrymen have given eredit - 
to the fubmerfion of fwallows {; and Kéein patronifes 
the doétrine ftronely, giving the following hiftory of 
their manner of retiring, which he received from 
fome countrymen and others. ‘They afferted, that 
fometimes the {wallows affembled in numbers on a 
a reed, till ic broke and funk with them to the bot- 
tom ; and their immerfion was. preluded by a dirge 
of a quarter of am hour’s length. “That others would 
unite in laying hold of a ftraw with their bills, and fo 
plunge down in fociety. Others again would form 
a large mafs, by clinging together with their feet, and 
fo commit themfelves to the deep |). 

Such are the relations given by thofe that are fond 
of this opinion, and though delivered without exag- 


ic Derhan!s Phyf. Theol, note d. p. 349. Pontop. hif. Nora. 
%. QO. 

+ Gefner Icon. An. 100. 

t Derham's Phyf. Theol. 340. 349. Hildrop’s traGs. ii. 32. 

i a bifie av. 205.200. Ekmarck migr. av. Aman, acad, 
iy. 589. 


ecration; 


Clafs I. SWALLOWS. 253 


geration, muft provoke a fmile. They affign not 
the fmalleft reafon to account for thefe birds being 
able to endure fo long a fubmerfion without being 
fuffocated, or without decaying, in anelement fo un- 
natural to fo delicate a bird ; when'we know that the 
otter *, the cormorant, and the erebes, foon perith, if 
caught under ice, or entangled in nets: and it is well 
known, that thofe animals will continue much longer 
under water than any others to whom nature hath de- 
nied that particular ftructure of heart, neceffary for a 
long refidence beneath that element. 


“ Though entirely fatished in our own mind of the impoffibility 
of thefe relations ; yet, defirous of ftrengthening our opinion with 
fome better authority, we applied to that able anatomift, Mr. 
John Hunter; who was {fo obliging to inform us, that he had dif- 
feted many {wallows, but found nothing in them different from 
other birds as to the organs of refpiration. ‘That all thofe animals 
which he had difiected of the clafs that fleep during winter, fuch 
as lizards, frogs, &c. hada very different conformation as to 
thofe organs, ‘That all thefe animals, he believes, do breathe in 
their torpid ftate; and, as far as his experience reaches, he knows 
they do: and that therefore he efteems it a very wild opinion that 
terreftrial animals can remain any long time under water without 
drowning, 


S'3 Genus 


254 NIGHTINGALE. “Gem 


Genus XX. Slender billed fmall Birds, 


* Thofe with tails of one color. 
** Thofe with particolored tails. 


‘I. The NIGHTINGALE. 


Le Roffignol. Belon av. 335. Rofignuolo. Zinan 54. 
Adoni, Aidoni. O4f. 12. Moracilla lufcinia. Lia. /y/. 328. 


Lufcinia. Ge/ner av. 592. Nachtergahl. Faun, Suec./p. 244. 
Aldr. av. ii. 336. Haffelquift itin. Ter. San@. 291. 
Wl. orn. 220. Nattergale. Brunnich in append. 
Raii fyn. av. 78. Au-vogel, Auen - nachtigall. 
Le Roffignol. Brion av. iit, Kram. 376. 
397+ Br. Zool. 100. plate S. 1. f. 2. 


HE nightingale takes its name from might, 
and the Saxon word galan to fing; expreffive 
Defer. of the time of its harmony. In fize it is equal to the 
vedfiart; but longer bodied; and more elegantly 
aade. The colors are very plain. The head and 
back are of a pale tawny dafhed with olive: the tail 
is of a deep tawny red: the throat, breaft, and upper 
part of the belly of a light gloffy afh-color: the 
lower belly almoft white: the exterior webs of the 
guil-feathers are of a dull reddifh brown ; the interior 
of brownifh afh-color: the irides are hazel, and the 
eyes remarkably large and piercing: the legs and 
feet a deep afh-color. 
This bird, the moft famed of the feathered tribe, 
for 


Ch&il. NIGHTINGALE. 255 


for the variety *, length and fweetnefs of its notes, 
vifits England the beginning of April, and leaves us 
in Auguft. It is a f{pecies that does not {pread itfelf 
over the ifland, It is not found in North Wales; or 
in any of the Engii/b counties north of it, except York- 
foire, where they are met with in great plenty about 
Doncafter. It is alfo remarkable, that this bird does 
not migrate fo far welt as Cornwall+; a county, 
where the feafons are fo very mild, that myrtles 
flourifh in the open air during the whole year.  57d- 
bald places them in his lift of Scotch birds; but Fouftont 
denies that they have the fame harmony as thole of 
Italy. Poffibly they may be found in that part of 
our ifland, as they vifit Sweden, a much more fevere 
climate. With us they frequent thick hedges, and 
low coppices; and generally keep in the middle of 
the bufh, fo that they are very rarely feen. They 
begin their fong in the evening, and continue it the 
whole night. Thefe, their vigils, did not pafs un- 
noticed by the antients: the flumbers ef thefe birds 
were proverbial; and not to reft as much as the 
aightingale, exprefled a very bad fleeper ||. This was 
the favorite bird of the Britifb poet, who emits no 
Opportunity of introducing it, and almoft conftantly 
noting its love of folitude and night: how finely 


* For this reafon, Oppian, in his baleutics, 1. i. 728. gives the 
nightingale the epithet of abercQuvn, OF various voiced; and Hefod, 
omens) of TosniAaderecey Gr various throated. Eeya x7 mrtocis 

oi CL oy hah 

+ Borlafe’s nat. hiff. Cornwall, 244. 

{ Fonfton hiff nat. av. 39. 

|| @4aevar. bi, 577. both in the text and note. 


S 4 does 


256 NIGHTINGALE. — Clas IL. 


does it ferve to compofe part of the folemn {cenery 
of his Pen/ferofo; when he defcribes it 


In her faddeft fweeteft plight, 

Smoothing the rugged brow of night ; 
While Cyxtaia checks her dragon yoke, 
Gently o’er th’accuftom’d oak ; 
Sweet bird, that fhun’ft the noife of folly, 
Moft mufical, moft melancholy ! 

‘Thee, chauntrefs, oft the woods among, 
1 woo to hear thy evening fong. 


In another place he ftyles it the /olemz bird; and 
again {peaks of it, 
As the wakeful bird 


Sings darkling, and in fhadieft covert hid, 
Tunes her nocturnal note. 


The reader muft excufe a few more quotations 
from the fame poet, on the fame fubjeét; the firft 
defcribes the approach of evening, and the retiring 
‘of all animals to their repofe. 

Silence accompanied ; for beaft and bird, 

They to their graffy couch, thefe to their nefts 
Were flunk; all but the wakeful nightingale, _ 
She all the night long her amorous defcant fung, 

When Eve pafied the irkfome night preceding her 
fall, fhe, in a dream, imagines herfelf thus reproach- 
ed with lofing the beauties of the night by indulging 
too long a repofe; 

Why fleep’ft thou, Eve? now is the pleafant time, 
The cool, the filent, fave where filence yeilds 


To the night-warbling bird, that now awake 
Tunes fweeteft his love-labor’d fong. 


The fame birds fing their nuptial fong, and lull 
them to reft. How rapturous are the following lines! 
how 


Clafs II. NIGHTINGALE. 257 


how expreffive of the delicate fenfibility of our Mil- 
fon’s tender ideas ! 
The earth 
Gave fign of gratulation, and each hill; 
Joyous the birds; frefh gales and gentle airs 
Whifper’d it to the woods, and from their wings 
Flung rofe, flung odors from the fpicy fhrub, 
Difporting, till the amorous bird of night 
Sung fpoufal, and bid hafte the evening ftar 
On his hill-top to light the bridal lamp. 
Thefe, lull'd by xzghtingales, embracing flept ; 
And on their naked limbs the flowery roof 
Shower’d rofes, which the morn repair’d, 


Thefe quotations from the beft judge of melody 
we thought due to the fweeteft of our feathered 
choirifters ; and we believe no reader of tafte will 
think them tedious. 

Virgil feems to be the only writer among the an- 
tients who hath attended to the circumftance of this 
bird’s finging in the night time. 

Qualis populea meerens philomela fub umbr4 
Amiffos queritur foetus, quos durus arator 
Obfervans nido implumes detraxit: at illa 


Filet nodiem, ramoque fedens miferabile carmen 
Integrat, et meeftis late locaqueftibusimplet. Georg. iv. 1. nthe 


As philomel in poplar fhades, alone, 

For her loft offspring pours a mother’s moan, 

‘Which fome rough ploughman marking for his prey, 
From the warm neft, unfledg’d hath drage’d away ; 

Percht on a bough, fhe all night long complains, 

And fills the grove with fad repeated ftrains. 9 F. Warton. 


Mr. Willoughby informs us that they make their 
neft in May, of the leaves of trees, ftraws and mols; 
and that they feldom fing near their neft, for fear of 
difcovering it: he alfo obferves, they delight in no 

high 


258 NIGHTINGALE. = Claf Ir. 


high trees, except the oak. Play has defcribed 
the warbling notes of this bird, with an elegance that 
befpeaks an exquifite fenfibility of tafte: notwith- 
ftanding his words have been cited by moft other 
writers on natural hiftory, yet fuch is the beauty, 
and in general the truth of his expreffions, that they 
cannot be tco much ftudied by lovers of natural 
hiftory, therefore clame 2 place in a work of this kind, 
We muit obferve notwithftanding, that a few of his 
thoughts are more to be admired for their vivacity 
than for ftrié&t philofophical reafoning, but thefe few 
are eafily diftinguifhable. 

“© Lufciniis diebus ac noctibus continuis xv. garrus 
<< Jus fine intermiffu cantus, denfante fe frondium 
<¢ oermine, non in noviflimum digna miratu ave. 
«© Primum tanta vox tam parvo in corpufculo, tam 
<¢ pertinax fpiritus. Deinde in una perfecta muficee 
«¢ fcjentia modulatus editur fonus : & nunc continuo 
« fpiritu trahitur in longum, nunc variatur inflexo, 
«¢ nunc diftinguitur concifo, copulatur intorto: pro- 
<¢ mittitur revocato, infufcatur ex inopinato : inter- 
« dum & fecum ipfe murmurat: plenus, gravis, 
<< acutus, creber, extentus, ubi vifum.eft, vibrans, 
«< fummus, medius, imus. Breviterque omnia tam 
‘* parvulis ia faucibus, qua tot exquifitis tibiarum 
«‘ tormentis ars hominum excogitavit: ut non fit 
«© dubium hanc fuavitatem pramonftratam efficaci 
«¢ aufpicio, cum in ore Stefichori cecinit infantis. 
«¢ Ac ne quis dubitet artis effe, plures fingulis funt 
“¢ cantus, nec iidem omnibus, fed fui cuique. Cer- 
“¢ tant inter fe, palamque animofa contentio eft. 
«¢ Victa morte finit fape vitam, fpiritu prius defi- 

4 #° Clea 


CU, REDSTART: 259 


<< cjente, quam cantu. Meditantur alize juniores, 
« verfufque quosimiten‘ur accipiunt. Audit difci- 
<< pula intentione magna & reddit, vicibufque reti- 
«¢ cent. Intelligitur emendate correctio & in docente 
6* quaedam reprehenfio *.” 


iH; thet RE Dis PART, 


Le Roffignol de Muraille. Be/oz Culo ranzo, Culo roffo. Zinan. 


AU. 347% ; Sea : 
Ruticilla, five Phoenicurns(Som- Motacilla Phoenicurus. Liz. /y/. 


merotele) Ge/ner av. 731. 13 Ge 
Aldr. av. il. 327+ Rodftjert. Faun. Suec. fp. 257- 
Codoroffo. Ofina 47. Norvegis Blod-fugl. Danis Roed= 
Wil. orn. 218. fliert. Brunnich 280. 
Raii fyn, av. 78. Waldroth{chweifl. Kram. 376. 


Ruticilla. Brifon av. ili. 403. Br. Zool, og. plateS. f. 6.7. 


HIS alfo appears among us only in the fpring 
: and fummer, and is obferved to come over 

nearly at the fame time with the nightingale. It 
makes its neft in hollow trees, and holes in walls and 
other buildings; which it forms with mofs on the 
outfide, and lines with hair and feathers. It lays 
four or five eggs, very like thofe of the hedge-fparrow; 
but rather paler, and more taper at the lefs end, 
This bird is fo remarkably fhy, that it will forfake its 
neft, if the eggs are only touched, It has a very fine 
foft note ; but being a fullen bird, is with difficulty 
kept alive in confinement. 

The bill and legs of the male are black: the fore- 
head white: the crown of the head, hind part of the 


* Plia. lib. 10. ¢. 29, 
neck, 


Defer. 


260 RED-BREAST. Gaem 


neck, and the back are of a deep blue grey: the 
cheeks and throat black: the breaft, rump and fides 
are red: the two middle feathers of the tail brown, 
the others red: the wings brown. In the female, 
the top of the head and back are of a deep afh-color ; 
the rump and tail of a duller red than thofe of the 
male: the chin white; the lower fide of the neck 
cinereous : the breaft of a paler red, 


lil. The RED-BREAS 


Rubeline. Belon av. 348. Pettorofio. Zinan. 46. 
Rubecula, Ge/ner av. 730. Motacilla rubecula. Liz. fyfs 
Erithacus, <A/dr. av. il. 325. Bonk 

Qlina 16. Rotgel. Faun. Suec. fp. 260. 


Robin red-breaft, or Ruddock. Roed-Finke, Roed-Kielke. Br. 
Wil. orn. 219. 283. 

Raii fin. av. 78. Rothkropfl. Kram. 376. 

Le Rouge-gorge. Briffon av. iii. Br, Zool. 100. plate S. 2. 
A415. 


THIS bird, though fo very petulant as to be at 
conitant war with its own tribe; yet is re- 
markably fociable with, mankind: in the winter it 
frequently makes one of the family; and takes re- 
fuge from the inclemency of the feafon even by our 
fire fides. Thompfon * has prettily defcribed the an- 
nual vifits of this gueft. The great beauty of that 
celebrated poet confifts in his elegant and juft def- 
criptions of the ceconomy of animals; andthe happy 
ufe + he hath made of natural knowledge, in defcrip- 


* Tn his feafons, vide Winter, line 246. 
| Vide our Preface. 


tive 


Ciasil RED-BR/E A-S/T. a6 


tive poetry, fhines through almoftevery page of his 
Seafons. The affection this bird has for mankind, is 
alfo recorded in that antient ballad, * The babes in the 
qood ; a compofition of a moft beautiful and pathetic 
fimplicity. It is the firft tryal of our humanity: the 
child that refrains from tears on hearing that read, 
gives but a bad preiage of the tenderneis of his future 
fenfations. , 

In the fpring this bird retires to breed in the thickeft 
covers, or the moft concealed holes of walls and other 
buildings. The eggs are of a dull white fprinkled 
with reddifh fpots. Its fong is remarkably fine and 
foft; and the more to be valued, as we enjoy it 
the greateft part of the winter, and early in the 
fpring. 

The bill is dufky: the forehead, chin, throat and Defer, 
breaft are of a deep orange color: the head, hind 
part of the neck, the back and tail are of a deep afh- 
color tinged with green: the wings rather darker; 
the edges inclining to yellow: the legs and feet 


duiky. 


* Reliques of antient Exgl> poetry, vol. ili. ~. 170. 


iV. The 


Defer. 


96 2} ) BALA AIG cA 'P- Clafs II. 


Py. the BOE AC Ke eae. 


Atricapilla. Gefner av. 371, Raii fyn. av. 79. 


384. Motacilla atricapilla. Lin. jf. 
Aldr, av ii. 329+ 3326 
Wil. orn. 226. - Faun, Suec. fp. 256. 
La Fauvette a tete noire, Cur- Hav-Skade. quibu/dam Spikke. 
ruca atricapilla. Brion av. Br. 228. 
ili, 380. Schwartz plattl. Kram. 377. 
Capinera, Zinan. 56. Br, Zool. 101. plate S. f. 5. 
Okina 9. i 


‘HIS bird is among the fmalleft of this tribe, 
fcarce weighing half anounce. The crown of 
the head in the male is black: the hind part of the 
neck a light afh-color: the back and coverts of the 
wings are of a greyifh green: the quil-feathers and 
tail ee edged with dull oreen : the breaft and 
upper part of the belly are of a pale afh-color: the 
vent feathers whitifh: the legs of a lead color. The 
female is diftinguifhed from the male by the fpot on 
the head, which in that is of a dull ruft-color. The 
blackcap is a bird of paffage, leaving us before 
winter. It fings very finely; and on that account is 
called in Norfolk the mock-nightingale*. 

The laft fpring we difcovered the neft of this bird 
in a fpruce fir, about two feet from the ground; the 
outfide was compofed of the dried ftalks of the goof 
grafs, with a little wool and green mofs round the 
verge; the infide was lined with the fibres of roots 
thinly covered with black horfe hair. There were five 


* Cakndar of Flora, p. 26. 


Clafs If. Peat Y's C. Eb AP's: 262 


ecos of a pale reddifh brows, mottled with a deeper 
fhade, and fprinkled with few dark {pots. 


Vi the Pia eG rAY P's. 


Ticedula. Gefner av. 385« Raii fon. av. 79. 

Beccafigo, or Fig-eater. Wil. orn. ee hippolais. Lin. fyi, 
216. 

La Fauvette, Curruca, Brifon la Hs Sp. 248. 


av. iil. 372. - Braune raliigee: Kleinerfpott- 
Beccafico cinerizio; JBigione. vogel. Kram. 377. - 
Zinan. 44. Br. Zool. plate S. 1. f. 1. 


Wee fpecies being unknown to us, we muft 

borrow its defcription from Mr. Willoughby. In peter, 
fize it is fcarce fo big as a linnet. The head, neck, 
back, wings and tail, from afh-color, or dufky, in- 
cline to green: the quil-feathers moufe-color, edged 
with green. The inner coverts of the wings are yel- 
low: the belly is of a filvery white; the breaft darker, 
tinged with yellow: the infide of the mouth red: the 
lees bluifh, or of a lead color. This bird is found in 
Yorkfbire ; from whence it was fent to Mr. Willoughby, 
by his friend Mr. Yeffop: perhaps it is the fpecies 
known in that county by the name of the deam-bird, 
becaufe it neftles under the ends of beams in out- 
buildings, &c. 


VI. The 


Defer. 


204, FLY-CATCHER.  Glg Ht; 


Mite PhesE LY CYA a) Corl Bakes 


Stoparola. 4/dr. av. il. 324- Raii fyn. av. 77+ 

A fmall bird without a name, Le Gobe-mouche, Mufcicapa. 
like the Stopparola of <Alaro- ple av. 1.357. tab. AiG 
wand. Wal. orn. 247. 

Zinan. 45. Mafcees grifola. Lin. fff. 328. - 

The Cobweb. Mortox Northampt. Br. Zacl. gg. plate P. 2. f. 4. 
426. 


T HE fly-catcher is a bird of paflage, appears int 
the fpring, breeds with us, and retires in 
fugu. It builds its neft on the fides of trees, to- 
wards the middle: Mortom fays in the corners of 
walls where fpiders weave their webs. We have feen 
them followed by four or five young, but never faw 
their eggs. When the young can fly the old ones 
withdraw with them into thick woods, where they 
frolick among the top branches; dropping from the 
boughs frequently quite perpendicular on the flies 
that fport beneath, and rife again in the fame di- 
rection. It will alfo take its ftand on the top of fome 
ftake or poft, from whence it fprings forth on its 
prey, returning ftill to the fame ftand for many times 
together. They feed alfo on cherries, of which they 
feem very fond, 

The head is large, of a brownifh hue fpotted 
obfcurely with black : the back of a moufe color: 
the wings and tail dufky ; the interior edges of the 
quil-feathers edged with pale yellow: the breaft and 
belly white; the fhafts of the feathers on the former 
dufky; the throat and fides under the wings are 
dafhed with red: the bill is very broad at the latest ig 

4 ridged 


Chasll HEDGE-SPARROW. 265 


ridged in the middle; and round the bafe are feveral 
fhort briftles : the infide of the mouth is yellow : the 
legs and feet fhort and black, 


VIl. The HEDGE SPARROW. 


Le petit Mouchet. Beln. av. Raii fyn. av. 79. 

375. La Favette de haye, ou Ia paffe 
Potamida, o6/. 12. bufe Curruca fepiaria. Briffan. 
Pafler fepium Angl, Aldr. av.ii, av. iii. 394. 

320. Jarnfparf. Faun. Suec. fp. 24 
Curruca Eliote (Zaunfchlipfle) Motacilla, Modularis. fs, % if. 

Gefner av. 371. 329 

Wil, ort. 215% Br. Zool. plate S. 1. f. 3. 4. 


HIS bird weighs twelve drams. Its head is’ parr, 

of a deep brown, mixed with afh-color, the 
cheeks marked with oblong fpots of dirty white : the 
back and coverts of the wings are dufky, edged with 
reddifh brown: the quil-feathers and tail dufky : the 
rump brown, tinged with green: the throat and 
breaft are of a dull afh-color: the belly of a dirty 
white: the fides, thighs, and vent feathers are of a 
pale tawny brown: the legs of a dull fleth color. 

This bird frequents low hedges, efpecially thofe of 

gardens. It makes its neft in fome fmali bufh, and 
lays four or five eggs of a fine pale bluecolor. The 
male has a fhort ett very fweet note during a very 
fmall fpace in the fpring. Limnecus feems not to have 
been acquainted with this fpecies: the bird which 
fuppofes to be our hedge fparrow, and defcribes under 
the title of Motacilla curruca, * differs in colors of 
plumage as well as eggs. 


* Faun. Suec. Jp. 247. 
T VIL The 


Belfer. 


266 WILLOW-WREN. Clafs Id. 


VII. The WIL LOW-WREN, 


Chofti, ou Chanteur. Below av. Le Pouillot, ou chantre. Afilus,. 
344. Briffon av. il\. 479. 
Trochilus. Gefner av. 726. Motacilla trochilus. Lin. f/f. 


Afilus, Ald. av. ii. 293. 338. 

Little yellowith Bird. Wil. orn, Faun. Suec. fp. 264. 

4 228. Spurre-Konge, Fager-Fiis. Br. 
Raii fyn. av, 80. 286. 

Edw. av. 278. Er. Zool. 101. plate S. f. z. S. z 
Schmittl, Kram. 378. fois 


HE willow-wren frequents large moift woods, 

and places where thofe trees abound from 
which it takes its name. Its weight is about two 
drams. The color of the whole upper part of the 
body is a dufky green: the wings and tail are brown, 
edged with yellowifh green : above each eye isa yel- 
lowifh ftroke; the breaft, belly, and thighs vary in 
their color in different birds ; in fome are of a bright 
yellow, in others it fades almoft into white. It builds 
in hollows in the fides of ditches, making its neft in 
the form of an egg ; with a large hole at the top, as an 
entrance: the outfide is compofed of mofs and hay, 
the infide lined with foft feathers. It lays common- 
ly feven white eggs, marked with numerous {mall 
rult-colored fpots. It has a low plaintive note; and 
is perpetually creeping up and down the bodies and 
boughs of trees. 


“ 3X. The. 


Clafs Il. GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN. 3267 


IX. The GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN. 


La Soulcie. Belonm av. 345. Le Poul, ou Souci, ou Roitelet 


Tettigor. obf. 12. hupé, Calendula. Brijon av. 
Regulus. Ge/ner av. 727- ili. 579. 

Fior rancio. Olina 6. Motacilla regulus. Lin. /y/?. 338. 
Aldr, av. ii. 290. Kongsfogel. Faun. Suec. fp. 262. 
Wil. orn 227. Goldhannel. Kram. 378. 

Raii fyn. av. 79. Fugle-Konge. Br. 235. 

Edw. av. 254. Br, Zool. 101. plateS. f. 3. 


Cat. Carol. app. 36. 37- 


HIS is the left of the Briti/h birds, weighing 
only feventy-fix grains. Its length is three 
inches anda half; the breadth five inches: it may 
readily be diftinguifhed from all other birds, not only 
by its fize, but by the beautiful fcarlet mark on the 
head, bounded on each fide by a fine yellow line. 
The bill is dufky: the feathers of the forehead are 
green: from the bill to the eyes is a narrow white 
line: the back, and the hind part of the neck are of 
~adull green: the coverts of the wings dufky edged 
with green and tipt with white: the quil-feathers 
and tail dufky edged with pale green. The throat 
and lower part of the body white tinged with green : 
the legs dull yellow: the claws very long. It fre- 
quents woods, and is found principally in oak trees, 
Thouch fo fmall a bird it indures our winters, for we 
have frequently feen it later than Chriftmas. 
We have obferved this bird fufpended in the air for 
a confiderable time over a bufh in flower, whilit ic 
fung very melodioufly. The note does not much dif- 
fer from that of the common wren. 


ya X. The 


Defer, 


Defcr. 


268 Wr RAEN, Clafs H. 


Xo The WR EN, 


Roytelet, Boeuf de Dieu, &Beri- Le Roitelet, Regulus. Byifon ave 


chot. Belz av. 343. ili. 425. ) 
Trilato, off. 12. Motacilla troglodytes. Lin. /y/. 
Paffer troglodytes. Ge/ner av. 337. 

651. Faun. Suec. fp. 261. 
Aldr. av. il. 292. Nelle-Konge. Brunnich. 284. 
Reatino. Olina 6. Schneekoning, Konickerl, Zaun= 
Wil. orn. 229. fchlupferl. Kram. 378. 
Reii fyn: av. 80. Br. Zool. 102. 


HIE wren may be placed among the fineft of 

our finging birds, though its note is of no long 
continuance; only during the breeding feafon. It 
makes its neft in a very curious manner ; of an oval 
fhape, very deep, with a fmall hole in the middle for 
eprefs and regrefs: the external material is mofs, 
within it is lined with hair and feathers. It lays from 
ten to eighteen eggs; and as often brings up as many 
young ; which, as Mr. Ray obferves, may be ranked 
among thofe daily miracles that we take no notice of 5 
that it fhould feed fuch a number without paffing over 
one, and that too in utter darknefs. 

The head and upper part of the body of the wren 
are of a deep reddifh brown: above each eye is 2 
firoke of white: the back, and coverts of the wings, 
and tail, are marked with flender tranfverfe black 
lines: the quil feathers with bars of black and red. 
The throat is of a yellowifh white. The belly and 
fides croffed with narrow dufky and pale reddifh brown 
Jines. The tail-is crofled with dufky bars. 

3 


XI. The 


Clafs I. WHEAT-EAR. 269 


XL The WHEAT-EAR. 


Belon av. 352. Vitiflora. Briffon av. iti. 449. 
ecenanthe. Ge/ner av. 629, Kulo bianco, Fornarola, Petrag- 
Aldr. av. ii. 332. nola. Zinan. 41. 
Wheat-ear,Fallow-fmich,White- Norvegis Steendolp, Steen Squet- 

tail, W2/. orn. 233. te,Steengylpe. Brunnich 276. 
Raii fyn. av. 75. Steinfchwaker, Steinfchnapperl. 
Moracilla oenanthe, Lin. jf. Kram. 374. 

gine _ Br. Zool. 102, plate &. 1. f. 


Stenfquetta. Faun. Suec. fp. 254. 5 iG. 
Le Cul blanc, Vitre, on Moteux, 


HE wheat-ear begins to vifit us about the mid- 

dle of March, and continues coming till the 
beginning of May : we have obferved that the females 
arrive about a fortnight before the male. They fre- 
quent warrens, downs, and the edges of hills, efipe- 
€ially thofe that are fenced with {tone walls. The 
breed in the latter, in old rabbet borroughs, cliffs, and 
frequently under old timber: their neft is made of 
dried grais and horfe hair; and they lay from fix to 
eight egos, of alight blue color. They grow very fat 
in autumn, and are efteemed a delicacy. About 
Fafibourn in Suffex they are taken by the fhepherds in 
great numbers, in {nares made of horle hair, placed 
ander along turf; being very umid birds, the mo- 
tion of a cloud, or the appearance of a hawk will 
drive them for fhelter into thofe traps, and fo they 
are taken. The numbers annually enfnared in that 
_diftric alone, amount to about 1840 dozen, which 
fell ufually at fix-pence per dozen ; and what appears 


ae a very 


ne 


Deicr. 


270 WE & zi fu EAP Bz A R. Clafs 1h. 


very. extraordinary, the numbers that return the fol- 
lowing year do not 2ppear to be leflened, as we are 
affured by a very intelligent perfon refident near that 
place. The reafon that fuch a quantity are taken in 
the neighborhood of Eefthourn is, that it abounds 
with a certain #y which frequents the adjacent hills, 
for the fake of the wild thyme they are covered with, 
which is not only a favorite food of that infect, but 
the plant on which it depofites its eggs. 

The head and back of the male are of a licht grey 
tinged with red: over each eye is a white line; be- 
neath that is a broad black firoke, paffing acrofs each 
eyeto the hind part of the head: the rump and lower 
half of the tail are white; the upper half black: t 
under fide of the body is white tinged with yellow ; on 
the neck it inclines to red: the quil-feathers are black 
edged with reddifh brown. The colors of the female 
are more dull: it wants that black ftroke acrofs the 
eyes, and the bar of white on the tail is narrower, 
Thefe birds difappear in September. 


XIX. The 


Clafs HL. WHIN-CHAT. 271 


XH. The WHIN-CHAT. 


Le Tarier. Belon av. 361. Raii fyn. av. 76. 
Rubetra. Ge/uer av. 729. Motacilla rubetra, Zin. fi. 332. 
Le grand Traquet, ou le Tarier. Faun. Suec. Jp. 255. 
Briffin av. iii. 432. tab. 24. Geftettenfchlager. Kram. 375. 
Je. 1. the Male. Br. Zool. 103. plateS. 2. f. 3.4. 
Wil. orn. 234. 


HIS is alfo a bird of paflace: but we are not 

certain whether it quits this ifland, but are ra- 
ther inclined to think it only fhifts its quarters. The 
head and back are of a pale reddifh brown, regularly 
{potted with black: over each eye is a narrow white 
ftroke, beneath that isa broad bed of black, which 
extends from the bill to the hind part of the head: the 
breaft 1s of a reddifh yellow: the belly paler: the 
quil-feathers are brown, edged with a yellowifh 
brown: the upper part of the wing is marked with 
two white fpots: the lower part of the tail is white, 
the two middle feathers excepted, which are wholly 
black: the upper part of the others are of the fame 
color, The colors of the female are far lefs agree- 
able: in licu of the white and black marks on the 
cheeks, is one broad pale brown one: and the white 
on the wings is in far.lefs quantity than that of the 
male. 


‘5 Ty XII. The 


Defcr. 


Defer. 


292 STONE-CHATTER. Clafs If, 


XJIL. Phe SF. ON: EB; €-H. Al AE RR: 


Le Traquet ou Grovlard. Belon ili. 428. tab. 23. fig. 1. The 
av. 360. Male. 

Rubetra. Ald. av. il. 325: Occhio di bue. Ziman. 52. 

Stone-fmich, Stone-chatter, or Motacilla rubicola. Liz. 4/7. 332- 
Moor-titling. Wil. orn. 235. Criftofl. Kram. 475. 


Rati fn. av» 76. Br. Zool. 103, plates. 2. f. 5, 6 
Le-Traquet, Rubetra. Briffon av. ee 


a Rave entire migration of this bird is alfo doubt- 
ful. Woerh us itis common on gorfy grounds ; 
it isa reftlefs and noify bird, and perches frequently 
on fome bufh, chattering inceffantly. The head, 
neck, and throat are black; but on both fides the 
latter is a white bar, fo, that it appears on firft 
fight to be encircled with white: the feathers 
oa the back are black edged with tawny : the lower 
part of the back juft above the rump is white: the 
end and exterior fide of the two outmoit feathers of 
the ta!l are of a pale ruft-color, the reft are black: 
the breaft is of a deep reddith yellow ; the belly of a 
lichter hue: the quil feathers are dufky edged with 
duli red; thofe next the body are marked with a white 
{pot near their bottoms: the coverts of the wings are 
adorned with another. The head of the female is 
ferruginous fpotted with black; and the colors in 
general lefs vivid. In both fexes the legs are black ; 
which alfo is the character of the two preceding 
{pecies, as well as that next to be defcribed. 


XIV. The 


Chas ll. ©COLDFINCH, 273 


XIV. The COLDFINCH. 


Atricapilla five Ficedula, A/dr, tra Anglicana. Brifaz cv. iit 


“av. ii. 3316 436. 
Wil. orn. 236. Meerfchwarzplattl, Baumichalbl, 
Raii fyn. av. 77+ Kram. 377. 
Edw. av. 30: Br. Zool. plate S. f. 1, 


Le Traquet d’Angleterre, Rube- 


PEAELIS fpecies is inferior in fize to the hedge- 

: fparrow : the bill and legs are black : the fore- 
head white: the head, cheeks, and back of a deep 
black : the coverts of the tail fpotted with white: the 
leffer coverts of the wings dufky; the greater tipt 
with white: the firft quil-feathers black ; the exterior 
fides of the others white: the middle feathers of the 
tail are quite black, the exterior web of the outmoft 
feather is white: the underfide of the bird from bill 
to tailis white. The female differs from the male in 
thefe particulars. The head, whole part of the body, 
and the coverts of the wings are of a dull brown 
color: it wants the white fpot in the forehead; and 
the feathers of the wings, which are black ‘in the 
cock, are dufky in the hen: the white parts alfo 
~are lefs, and not fo pure in the Jatter. This fpe- 
cies is not very common in this ifland; but is 
fometimes found in Derdy/bire, Shropfoire, and 


Flinthire. 


AV. The 


Defer. 


Defer. 


a7 WHITE-THROAT. Clafsif. 


XV. The WHITE-THR OAT. 


Wl. orn. 226. Motacilla fylvia? Zin. fy. 330. 
Raii fyn, av. 77. Kogfnetter, Mefar. Faun, Suec. 
lia Mefange cendrée, Parus ci- _/p. 250. 

nereus. Briffon av. iil. 549. Br. Zool. 104. plate S. f. 4. 


To frequents our gardens in the fummer times 
in the winter it leaves us. It builds in low 
bufhes near the ground, making its neft externally 
of che tender ftalks of herbs and dry ftraw ; the mid- 
dle part of fine bents and foft grafs, the infide of 
hair. It lays five eges of a whitifh green color, 
fprinkled with black {pots *. The head of this bird 
is of a brownifh afh-color, the throat white: the 


_ breaft and belly white tinged with red ; (in the female 


wholly white:) the back, and coverts of the wings 
ferruginous: the quil-feathers dusky, edged with 
reddifh brown ; the tail the fame; except the upper 
part of the interior fide and whole exterior fide of the 
outmott feather, which are white; the legs are of a 
yellowifh brown. | 


* Wil. Ore. 


XVI. The 


Clafs II. 


WHITE WATER-WAGTAIL. 


275 


XVI. The WHITE WATER WAGTAIL, 


Belon av. 340. 
Motacilla alba. Ge/ner av. 618. 


M. alba. . Liz. fpf. 331. 
Arla, Sadefarla. Faun. Suec. fp, 


Aldr, av. il, 323. 

Ballarina, Cutrettola. Ovina 43. 

Wil. orn. 237. 

Raii fyn. av, 756 

dia Lavandiere. Briffon av. iii. 
461. 

Monachina, Zinan. 51. 


252s 
Danis Vip-Stiert, Havre-Szer. 
Norvegis Erle, Lin-Esle. Brun- 
nich. 27%. 
Grane Bachftelze. Kram. 37 q- 
Br. Zool. 104, 


ry HIS bird frequents the fides of ponds, and 

{mall ftreams ; and feeds on infects and worms, 
as do all the reft of this genus. Mr. Willoughby juftly 
obferves, that this fpecies fhifts its quarters in the 
winter; moving from the north to the fouth of 
England, during that feafon. In fpring and autumn, 
it js a conftant attendant of the plough, for the fake 
of the worms thrown up by that inftrument. The 
head, back, and upper and lower fide of the neck as 
far as the breaft, are black : in fome the chin is white, 
and the throat marked with a black crefcent: the 
breaft and belly are white: the quil-feathers are 
dufky : the coverts black tipt and edged with white. 
The tail is very long, and always in motion. The 
exterior feather on each fide is white: the lower part 
of the innner web excepted, which is dusky; the 
others black: the bill, infide of che mouth, and the 
Jegs, are black. The back claw very long. 


‘XVI. The 


Defer. 


276 YELLOW WATER-WAGTAIL. Clafs II. 


XVII. The YELLOW WATER WAGTAIL. - 


Sufurada. Belon ob/. i. Metacilia verna. Brifon av. 
Motacilla flava (Gale Waflar- ii, 468. 

fteltz) Ge/ner. av. 018. LE cnt 2a Ae 
Aldr. av. ii. 323. — Motacilla flava. Lin. ff. 331- 
Wil. orn, 238. Faun. Suec, /p. 253. phe 
Raii fyn, av. 75. Gulfpink. Brunnich. 273. 
Edw. av.258. The Male. Gelbe Bachftelze. Kram. 374. 
Codatremola. Zinan. 51. Br. Zool. 105. 


La Bergeronette du Printemps, 


Defer. Gp He male isa bird of great beauty: the breaft, 
belly, thighs, and vent feathers, being of a moft 

vivid and lovely yellow: the throat is marked with 
fome large black fpots: above the eye is a bright 
yellow line; beneath that, from the bill crofs the 
eye is another of a dusky hue; and beneath the eye 
is a third of the fame color: the head and whole 
upper part of the body, is of an olive green, which 
brightens in the coverts of the tail: the quil- feathers 
are dusky: the coverts of the wings olive colored, 
but the lower row is dusky tipt with yellowifh white: 
the outmoft feather of the tail white; the others 
black, as in the former. The colors of the female are 
far more obfcure than thofe of the male: it ‘wants 
aifo thofe black fpots on the throat. It makes its 
neft on the ground, in corn fields: the outfide is 
compofed of decayed ftems of plants, and fmall 
fibrous roots; the infide is lined with hair: it lays 


five eggs, 


XVII. The 


Clas Il. GREY WATER-WAGTAIL. 277 


XVII. The GREY WATER-WAGTAIL, 


La Bergerette. Belon av. 351. Edw. av. 259. The male. 
Motacilla flava alia. /dr. av. La Bergeronette jaune, Motacilla 


. di, 323. flava. Briffon av. ili. 471, 
Wil. orn. 238. tab. 23. fig. 3. The Male. 
Rait fyn. av, 75 Br, Zool. 105. 


HE top of the head, upper part of the neck, 

and the back of this fpecies are afh-colored ; 
Nichtly edged with yellowifh green: the fpace round 
each eye is afh-colored : beneath and above which is 
a Jine of white: in the male, the chin and throat are 
black : the feathers incumbent on the tail are yellow: 
the tail is longer, in proportion to its fize, than that 
of the other kinds: the two exterior feathers are 
white ; the reft black: the breaft, and whole under 
fide of the body are yellow: the quil-feathers are 
dufky ; thofe next the back edged with yellow. The 
colors of the female are ufually more obfcure; 
and the black fpot on the throat is wanting in 
that fex. 


Defer, 


- 


Defcr. 


278 ThGuRiO: SSB RVALTK? 0 Agia 


Genus XXI. GROSBEAKS, 


Ii, The, .G-R OS 3B ey Ae 


Le Grofbec ou Pinfon royal. Edw.av. 188. The male. 


Belon av. 373- ai mete Brifon av. ili. 
Coccothrauftes (fteinbeiffer) oy 
ner av. 276. Pi. ie Q9; 100. 
Aldr. av. ii. 289. Loxia coccothrauftes. Lin. fifi» 
Frofone. Olina 37. / 299. 
Grofbeak, or Hawfinch. Wil. Stenkneck. Faun. Suec. fp. 222. 
orn. 244. Kernbeis, Nufbeiffer. Kram. 365. 
Raii fyn. av. 85. Erunnich, in append. 
Charlton ex. gl. Br. Zool. 105. plate U..F. &. 


oF HE birds we defcribe were fhot in Shrophire : 

they vifit us only in hard winters, and are not 
reoularly migrant. ‘They feed on berries; and even 
on the kernels of the ftrongeft ftones, fuch as thofe of 
cherries and almonds, which they crack with the 
greateft facility: their bills are well adapted to that 
work, being remarkably thick and ftrong. Mr. Wi- 
loughby tells us, they are common in Germany and 
Italy; that in the fummer they live in woods, and 
breed in hollow trees, laying five or fix eges; butin 
the winter they come down into the plains. 

The hawfinch weighs near two ounces: its lenoth 
is feven inches; the breadth thirteen: the bill is ofa 
funnel fhape; ftrong, thick, and of a dull pale pink 
color ; atthe bafe are fome orange colored feathers : 
the irides are grey : the crown of the head and cheeks 
of afine deep bay: the chin black: from the bill 
to the eyes is a black line: the breaft and whole un- 

der 


Clafs II. COR. Ol SiS) BILL. 279 


der fide is of a dirty flefh color : the neck afh-colored: 
the back and coverts of the wings of a deep brown, 
thofe of the tail of a yellowifh bay : the greater quil- 
feathers are black, marked with white on their inner 
webs. The tail is fhort fpotted with white on the 
inner fides. The legs fiefh color. The great parti- 
cularity of this bird, and what diftinguifhes it from 
all others, is the form of the ends of the middle 
quil feathers; which Mr. Edwards juftly compares to 
the figure of fome of the antient Zaétle-axes: thefe 
feathers are gloffed over with a rich blue; but are 
lefs confpicuous in the female: the head in that fex is 
of dull olive tinged with brown; it alfo wants the 
black {pot under the chin. 


the (COR OSS BE i. 


Loxia. Ge/uer av, igi. 329. tah. 17. fig. 3. 

Aldr. av. t. 426. Loxia curviroftra. Lin. /y/?. 299s 

Shell-apple, or Crofs-bill. Wi. Korffnatf, Kinlgelrifvare. Fase. 
orn. 248, Suec. fp. 224. 

Rati. fyn. av. 86. Krumbfchnabl, Kreutzvogel. 

Chariton ex. 77. Kram. 3,65. 

Edw. av. 303. Norveg. Kors-Neb. Kors-fugt. 

Cat. Carol. app. 37. Br. 238. 


Le Bec-croife. Brifon au. iii, Br. Zool. 106. plate U. f. 2. 


HERE are two varieties of this bird: Mr. Ea- 
wards has very accurately figured the lefler 

kind, which we have feen frequently: the other is 
very rare. We received a male and female out of 
Shropfhire, which were fuperior in fize to the former, 
the bill remarkably thick and fhort, more encurvated 
than 


280 C.RiOtS’S: BLM: ClaG Il. 
than that of the common kind, and the ends more 
blunt. Thefe birds, like the former, are inconftant: 
vifitants of this ifland: in Germany and Switzerland * 
they inhabite the pine forefts, and breed in thofe trees 
fo early as the months of January and February. They 
feed on the feeds of the cones of pines and firs; and 
are very dexterous in fcaling them, for which purpofe 
the crofs ftructure of the lower mandible of their bill 
is admirably adapted: they feed alfo on hemp feed, 
and the pips or kernels of apples, and are faid to di- 
vide an apple with one ftroke of the bill to get at the 
contents. Linnaeus + fays, that the upper mandible of 
this bird is moveable ; but on examination we could 
not difcover its ftructure to differ from that of 
others of the genus. It is an undoubted fact thae 
thefe birds change their colors; or rather the fhades 
of their colors : that 1s, the males which are red, vary 
at certain feafons to deep red, to orange, or to a fort 
of a yellow: the females which are green, alter to 
different varieties of the fame color. 


* Gefner 59. Kramer Flench. 305. 
+ Faun. Succ. /p. 224. 


Ill. The 


Clafs If. Sue PYN CH: .- 299 


o onhe BU Te TN UC: A. 


Le Pivoine. Beloz av. 359. Le{Bouvreuil. Brion av. iii, 308, 

Afprocolos, ob/. 13. Pl. ent. 145. 

Rubicilla, five pyrrhula. Ge/ver Monachino,Sufolotto. Zizaz, 58, 
av. 733. Loxia pyirhula. Lin. fy. 300. 

Aldr. av. ii. 326. Domherre. Faun. Suec. /p. 225. 

Ciufolotto. Olina 40. Gumpl. Kram. 365. 


Bulfinch, Alp, or Nope. W7/. orn. Danis & Norvegis Dom-pape, gui- 


24.7. bifdamDom-Herre. Br. 240, 


Raii fin. av. 86. Br. Zool. 106. plate U. f 3. 4. 


HE wild note of this bird is not in the left mu- 
fical; but when tamed it becomes remarkably 
docil, and may be taught any tune after a pipe, or to 
-whiftle any notes in the jufteft manner : it feldom for- 
gets what it has learned. A gentleman in Lancajbire, 
had onethat could whiftle feveral tunes ; and was fo 
well difciplined, that ic would come at call, perch on 
its mafter’s fhoulders, and (at command) go through 
a difficult mufical leffon. They may be taught to 
fpeak, and fome thus inftructed are annually brought 
to London from Frankfort on the Maine. 

The male is diftinguithed from the female by the perr. 
fuperior blacknefs of its crown, and by the rich crim- 
fon that adorns the cheeks, breaft, belly, and throat of 
the male; thofe of the female being of a dirty buff 
color; the bill is black, fhort and very thick: the 
head large: the hind part of the neck and the back 
are grey: the coverts of the wings are black; the 
lower croffed with a white line: the quil-feathers 
dusky, but part of their inner webs white: the coverts 


U of 


noo; LAS) BARRIO: Wy; Clafs TI. 


of the tail and vent feathers white: the tail 
black. 

In the fpring thefe birds frequent our gardens, and 
are very deftructive to our fruit-trees, by eating the 
tender buds. They breed about the latter end of 
May, or beginning of une, and are feldom feen at 
that time near houfes, -as they chufe fome very re- 


tired place to breed in. ‘Thefe birds are fometimes 
wholly black. 


\ 


IV. Phe (S PoAR RG We 


Le Moineau, Paiffe, ou Moiffon. PJ. en. 6. f. 1. 55. f. 1. 


Belon av. 361. Fringilla domettica. Liz. /pft. 
Paffer. Ge/ner av. 643. 323- 
Aldr. av. ii. 246. Tatung, Grafparf. Faun. Suec. 
Pafera noftrale. Ofiza, 42. Sps 242. 


The Houfe-fparrow. Wil, orz, Danis Graae-Spurre. Norveg. 


249. Huus-Kald. Br. 264. 
Raii fyn. av. 86. Haufloatz. Kram. 369. 
Le Moineau franc. Brifin av. iii. Br. Zool. 107. 
a2 
Defer. HE bill of the male is black: the crown of 


the head is grey: under each’eye is a black _ 

fpot ; above the corner of each is a broad bright bay 
mark ‘which furrounds the hind part of the head. 
The cheeks are white: the chin and under fide of the 
neck are black, the latter edged with white: the 
belly of a dirty white: the leffer coverts of the wings 
are of a bright bay : the lait row black tipt with white: 
the great coverts black, outwardly edged with red; 
the quil-feathers the fame: the back fpotted with 
red and black: tail dusky. 


The 


Chil. GREENFINCH. 301 


The lower mandible of the bill of the female is 
white: beyond each eye is a line of white: the head 
and whole upper part are brown, only on the back 
are a few black fpots: the black and white marks on 
the wings are obfcure: the lower fide of the body is 
of a dirty white. 

Sparrows are proverbially falacious: they breed 
early in the {pring, make their nefts under the eaves 
of houfes, in holes of walls, and very often in the nefts 
of the martin, after expelling the owner. Linneus 
tells us (a tale from Albertus Magnus) that this in- 

fult does not pafs unrevenged ; the injured martin af- 
fembles its companions, and by their affiftance plaifter 
up the entrance with dirt, then fly away twittering 
in triumph*, and leave the invader to perifh 
miferably. 


V. The GREENFINCH. 


Pelon av. 366. Verdone, Verdero, Antone. Zia 
Affarandos, 06/. 13. nan, 63. 

Chloris. Ge/ner av. 258. Loxiachloris. Liz, Aff. 304. 
Aldr. av. ii, 37%. Swenfka. Faun. Succ. /p, 226% 
Olina, 26. Svenske. Br. 242. 

Wil. orn. 246. Grunling, Kram. 368. 

Raii fyn. av. 85, Br. Zool, 107. 


Le Verdier, Briffon av. iil, 190. 


HE head and back of this bird are of a yellowith 
green; theedges of the feathers are grey ; therump 

more yellow: the breaft of the fame color; the lower 
belly white: the edges of the outmoft quil-feathers 


® Avolant ovantes. Vide Faux. Succ, 


Ue are 


Defcr, 


302 GREENFINCH.  Claflt. 


are yellow, the next green, the fartheft grey: the tail 
is a little forked: the two middle feathers are wholly 
dusky : the exterior webs of the four outmoft feathers 
on both fides the tail are yellow. The colors in the 
female are much lefs vivid than in the male. Thefe 
birds are very common in this ifland: they make their 


neft in hedges; the outfide is compofed of hay or ftub- 


ble, the middle part of mofs, the infide of feathers, 
wool, and hair. ‘They lay five or fix eggs of a pale 
green color, marked with blood colored fpots. Theic 
native note has nothing mufical in it; but a late 
writer on finging-birds fays, they may be taught to 
pipe or whifile in imitation of other birds. 

This bird is fo eafily tamed, that it frequently eats 
out of one’s hand five minutes after it is taken, if you 
have an opportunity of carrying it into the dark ; the 
bird fhould be then put upon your.finger, which it 
does not attempt to rnove from (as being in darknefs 
ir does not know where to fy) you then introduce 
the finger of your other hand under its breaft, which 
making it inconvenient to ftay upon the firit finger, 
on which it was before placed, it climbs upon the fe- 
cond, where it likewife continues, and for the fame 
reafon. When this kath been nine or tef times re- 
peated, and the bird ftroked and careffed, it finds that 


you do not mean to do it any harm; and if the light 


is let in by degrees, it will very frequently eat any 
bruifed feed out of your hand, and afterwards con- 
tinue tame. 


Genus 


Chil  GOLDFINCH: 303 


Genus. XXII. iE. L.N.CiH.E §, 


othe. *G OED BN Cor, 


Belon av. 353. Pi iteien. fey te 
Carduelis. Ge/ner av. 242. Cardellino. Zinzan. 59. 
Aldr. av. ii. 3.49. Fringilla carduelis. Liz. ff. 
Cardelli. Oliva 10. 318. 
Goldfinch, or Thiftlefinch. Wil Stig AitaA. Faun. Suec. Sp. 2 
orn. 256. ate Brn Zn 
Raii fin. av. 89. Stiglitz. Kram. 365. 


Le Chardonneret. Brifon av. ili. Br. Zool, 108. plate V. f, 1. 
53° 


HIS is the moft beautiful of our hard billed 
{mall birds ; whether we confider its colors, the 
elegance of its form, or the mufic of itsnote. The pefer, 
bill is white, tipt with black, the bafe is furrounded 
with a ring of rich {carlet feathers: from the corners 
of the mouth to the eyes is a black line: the cheeks 
are white : the top of the head is black ; and the white 
on the cheeks is bounded almoft to the forepart of the 
neck with black: the hind part of the head is white: 
the back, rump and breaft, are of a fine pale tawny 
brown, lighteft on the two laft: the belly is white: 
the covert feathers of the wings, in the male, are black: 
the quil-feathers black, marked in their middle with 
a beautiful yellow; the tips white: the tail is black, 
but moft of the feathers marked near their ends with 
a white fpor: the Jegs are white. 
The female is diftinguifhed from the male by thefe 
notes ; the feathers at the end of the bill in the former 


Us are 


304 GOLDFINCH. Clg. 


are brown; in the male black: the leffer coverts of 
the wings are brown: and the black and yellow in 
the wings of the female are lefs brilliant. The young 
bird, before it moults, is grey on the head ; and hence 
it is termed by the bird-catchers a grey pate. 

There is another variety of goldfinch, which is, 
perhaps, not taken above once in two or three years, 
which is called by the Loxdon bird-catchers a cheverel, 
from the mannerin which it concludes its jerk: when 
this fort is taken it fells at a very high price: it is 
diftinguifhed from the common fort by a white ftreak 
or by two, and fometimes three white fpots under the 


throat. : 
Their note is "very fweet, and they are much 


efieemed on that account, as well as for their 
great docility. Towards winter they affemble 
in flocks, and feed on feeds of different kinds, parti- 
cularly thofe of the thiftle. It is fond of orchards; and 
frequently builds in an apple or pear tree: its neft is 
very elegantly formed of fine mofs, liverworts, and 
bents on the outfide; lined firft with wool and hair, 
and then with the goflin or cotton of the fallow. It 
lays five white eggs, marked with deep purple fpots 
on the upper aa | 

This bird feems to have been the senda * GF 
Ariftotle ; being the only one that we know of, that 
could be diftinguifhed by a golden fillet round its head, 
feeding on the feeds of prickly plants. The very 


°W hich ae places among the axarSopaya, Scaliger reads the 
word eusousreis, which has no meaning; neither does the critic 

fupifort Jal alteration with any reafons. Hip. an. 887. : 
ins 


5 
pe ene 


Clafs II. GOLDFINCH. 305 


ingenious tranflator* of /zrgil’s ecloguesand georgics, 
gives the name of this bird to the acalanthis or 
acanibis : 


Littoraque alcyonen refonant, acanthida dumi. 


In our account of the Halcyon of the antients, 
p- 191. we followed his opinion; but having fince, 
met with a paflage in Avifotle that clearly proves that 
acanthis could not be ufed in that fenfe, we beg, that, 
till we can difcover what it really is, the word in that 
paffage may be rendered /innet 5 fince it is impofible 
the philofopher could diftinguifh a bird of fuch 
{triking and brilliant colors as the goldfnch, by the 
epithet xexzxe007, or bad colored, though he cele- 
brates his acanthis for a fine note, govay pty Tor Aryupay 
¥yeor ft, which character will fuit the linnet equally 
well, 


* Dr. Martyn. 
+ Hit. az. 10556 


U4 Il. Thg 


306 CHAEFINCH: Gakiy 


4 
i 
Ih The’ CMAFFINCH. oe. 
Ye Pinfon. Beloz av. 371. PL. eal. ca. ta. ' 
Fringille. Ge/ner av. 337. Fringilla coelebs. Lin. fff. 318. 
Aldr. av. tt. 350s _ ‘Fincke, Bofincke. Faun. Suec. fpe 
Oliva, 31. 232. : 
Wil. orz. 253- Finke. Kram. 367. 
Raii fyn. av. $8. / Bofinke. Br. 253. 
Fyincuello. Zinan. 61. Br, Zool. 108. plate V. f. 2. 3. 


LePingon. Brifon av. 148. 


S fpecies entertains us agreeably with its 
fong very early in the year; but towards the 
Jatter end of fummer aflumes a chirping note: both 
fexes continue with us the whole year. What is very 
fingular in Sweden, the females quit that country in 
September, migrating in flocks into Holland, leaving 
their mates behind; in the {pring they return*: their 
neft is almoft as elegantly conftru€ted as that of ~ 
the goidfinch, and of much the fame materials, only 
the infide has the addition of fome large feathers. 
They lay four or fiveeggs, of dull white color, tinged 
and {potted with deep purple. 
Defer. ‘The bill is of a pale blue, the tip ‘black: the 
feathers.on the forehead black: the crown, of the 
head, the hind part and the fides of the neck are of a 
luifh grey: the fpace above the eyes, the cheeks, - 
throat and forepart of the neck are red: the fides and 
belly white, tinged with red: the upper part of the 


° Anan, acad, ii, 42. ive 595. 


back 


Cus, . BRAMBLING. 304 


back of a deep tawny color; the lower part and rump 
green: the coverts on the very ridge of the wing 
black and grey ; beneath them is a large white fpot : 
the baftard wing and firft greater coverts black, the 
reft tipt with white: the quil-feathers black; their 
exterior fides edged with pale yellow: their inner and 
outward webs white on their lower part, foas to form 
a third white line acrofs.the wing: the tail is black, 
except the outmott feather, which is marked oblique- 
ly with a white line from top to bottom; and the 
next which has a white fpot on the end of the inner 
web: the legs are dusky: the colors of the female 
are very dull: it entirely wants the red on the breaft 
and other parts : the head and upper part of the body 
are of a dirty green: the belly and breaft of a dirty 
white: the wings and tail marked much like thofe of 
the male, 


Ill. The BRAMBLING. 


Le Montain. Belon av. 372. av. ill. 155. 
Monufringilla montana. Ge/ner PJ. enl. 54. f. 2. 
au. 388. Fringilla montifringilla. Liz. ff. 
| Midr. av. ii. 358. 318. 


' Fringuello montanina. Ofna 32. Norquint. Fawn. Succ. /p. 233. 
Bramble, orBrambling. Vil. orn, Quzker, Bofinkens Hore-Unge, 


254,., Akerlan. Brunnich 255. 
Mountain-finch, Raii /yn. av. Nicowitz, Mecker, Piencken. 
88. Kram. 367. 


Le Pingon d’ardennes. Brifox Br. Zool. i108. plate V. f. 4. 


a “HIS bird is not very common in thefe iflands ; 
and is chiefly found in the hilly parts. Itis fu- Defer, 
perior in fize tothe chaffinch: the top of the head is 


of 


g08 MOUNTAIN SPARROW.. Clafs IT. 


of a glofiy black flightly edeed with a yellowifh 
brown: the feathers of the back are of the fame 
colors, but the edges more deeply bordered with 
brown: the chin, throat and breaft are of an orange 
color: the leffer coverts of the wings of the fame 
color; but thofe incumbent on the quil-feathers 
barred with black, tipt with orange: the inner 
coverts at the bafe of the wings are of a fine yellow: 
the quil-feathers are dusky ; but their exterior fides 
edged with yellow; the feathers immediately incum- 
bent on them are of a deep black, tipt with orange: 
the tail a little forked: the exterior web of the 
outmoft feather is white, the others black, except the 
two middle, which are edged and tipt with afh- 
color. 


IV, The MOUNTA NSPARROW. 


Paflerinus. Gefner av. 656. montanus. Briffon av. iii. 79. 
Aldr. av. ii. 261. Paffere Montano. Zinaz. 81. 
Olina 48. Fringilla montana. Lin. fy. 324. 
Wil. orn. 252. Faun. Succ. fp. 243- 

Raii fy. av. 87. Skov-Spurre. Brunnich 267. 
Edw. av. 269. Feldfpatz, Rohrfpatz. Kram. 370. 


Le Moineau de Montagne, Paffer Br. Zool. 109. 


Defer. pe crown and hind part of the head is of a 
rufty red. The throat is marked with a large 

black fpot: beneath each ear is another. The fpace 
beneath the eyes, and the whole under fide of the 
body are white: the hind part of the neck is encir- 

cled with white: the borders of the feathers of the 

back are ferruginous, their middle black: the covert 
feathers © 


Clafs II. SM LPS 2 KOT) N, 309 


feathers of the wings are ferruginous edged with 
white; the row beneath them are marked in the 
fame manner: the tailis dufky edged with a brownifh 
afh-color: the bill is black ; the legs flefh-colored. 

We are obliged to Mr. Edwards for this defcrip- 
tion, who firft difcovered them to be natives of York- 
foire. Abird, which he fuppofes to be the female, 
agreed in moft particulars with the male, but wants 
the black fpot on the throat and beneath the ears ; 
and the edges of the tail feathers are of a lighter 
hue. 


Mh Ebe Sil SiK LN. 


Belon av. 354. — Le Serin. Briffon av. ii. 65. 

Acanthis, fpinus, ligurinus. Ge/- Fringilla fpinus. Lin. if. 3226 
ner av. i. Sifka, Gronfifka. Faun. Suec. ite 

Aldr. av. il. 352, 237. 

Lucarino. Olina 17. Sifgen. Brunnich 261. 

Wil. orn. 261. Zeilel, Zeifer|. Kram. 366. 

Raii fyn. av. gt. Br. Zool. 109. plate V. 


( 7 E are unacquainted with this bird; therefore 
¥¥ muft abridge Mr. Willoughby’s account of it. 
The head is ena the neck and back are green; 
_ but the fhafts on the latter are black : the rump is of 
a greenifh yellow: the throat and breaft the fame: 
the belly white : the vent feathers yellowifh, marked 
with oblong dufky fpots in their middle: the pinion 
quil is dufky edged with green: the outward webs of 
the nine next quil-feathers are green ; the green part 
is widened by degrees in every feather, till in the laft 
it takes up half the length: from the tenth almoft the 
lower 


Defer. 


B10 Seri SKIP INe Clafs II. 
lower half of each feather is yellow, the upper black : 


the exterior coverts of the wings are black: the 
two middle feathers of the tail are black; the reft 
above half way are of a moft lovely yellow, with 
black tips. The colors of the female are paler: her 
throat and fides are white {potted with brown : the 
head and back are of a greenifh afh-color, marked 
alfo with brown. 

Mr. Willoughby tells us, that this is a fong-bird: 
that in Su/few it is called the barly-lird, becaufe it comes 
to them in barly-feed time. We are informed that 
it vifits thefe iflands at very uncertain times, like 
the grofbeak, &c. It is to be met with in the 
bird fhops in London, and being rather a fcarce bird, 
fells at a higher price than the merit of its fong 
deferves: it is known there by the name of the 
Aberdavine. The bird catchers have a notion of its 
coming out of Rufia. Dr. Kramer * informs us, 
that this bird conceals its neft with great art; though 
there are infinite numbers of young birds in the 
woods, on the banks of the Danube, that feem 
juft to have taken flight, yet no one could dif- 
cover it. 


® Kramer clench, 366. 


VI. The 


Clafs I, rN EN ET) 315 


ME y the, LoLN NW ET. 


Belon av. 356. Raii fy av. 90. 
Linaria, Henfling, Schefzling, Fanello. Zinan. 61. 
Flacklin. Ge/ner av. 590. La Linotte. Brifon av. ili 1316 
Alldr. av. ii. 359, Pl, end. 151. f. 1. 
Wil. orn. 258. Br. Zool. 110. 


ke bill of this fpecies is dufky, but in the 

{pring affumes a bluifh caft: the feathers on 
the head are black edged with afh-color: the fides of 
the neck deep afh-color: the throat marked in the 
middle with a brown line; bounded on each fide 
with a.white one: the back, black bordered with 
reddifh brown: the bottom of the breaft is of a fine 
blood red: which heighthens in color as the fpring 
advances: the belly white: the vent feathers yellow- 


Defer! 


ifh: the fides under the wings {petted with brown: | 


the quil-feathers are dusky; the lower part of the 
nine firft white: the coverts incumbent on them 
black; the others of a reddith brown; the loweft 
order tipt witha paler color : the tail is a little forked, 
of a brown color, edged with white; the two middle 
feathers.excepted, whiclr are bordered with dull red. 
The females and young birds wantthe red {pot on 
the breaft; in lieu of that, their breafts are marked 
with fhort ftreaks of brown pointing downwards: the 
females have alfo lefs white in their wings. 

Thefe birds are much efteemed for their fong: 
they feed on feeds of different kinds, which they 
peel before they eat: the feed of the /izum or flax is 

their 


Defcr. 


iz RED HEADED LINNET.  Clafs If; 


their favorite food ; from whence the name of the 
linnet tribe. 

They breed among furze and wuts thorn: the 
outfide of their neft is made with mofs and bents ; and 
lined with wool and hair. They lay five whitifh eggs 
fpotted like thofe of the goldfinch. 


VII. TheGREATER RED-HEADED LINNET, 
OR REDPOLL. 


Linaria rubra. Gefrer av. got. Fringilla cannabina. Liz. jf. 


Fanello marino. Aldr. av. il. 222. 

360. ; Hampling. Faun. Suec. /p. 2406 
Wil. orn. 260. Torn-lrikk. Brunnich 263. 
Raii yn. av. gt. Hauefterl, Hampfling. Kram, 
La grande Linotte des vines. 368. 

Briffon av. iti. 135. Br. Zeal. 110. 


HIS bird is lefs than the former: on the fore- 

head is a blood-colored fpot; the reft of the 
head afh color: the breaft is tinged with a fine rofe- 
color: the head and neck are of an afh-color: the 
back, fcapular feathers, and coverts of the wings 
are of a bright reddifh brown: the firft quil-feather 
is entirely black; the exterior and interior edges of 
the eight following are white, which forms a bar of 
that color on the wing, even when clofed: the fides 
are yellow; the middle of the belly white: the tail, 
like that of the former, is forked, of a dusky color, . 
edged on both fides with white, which is broadeft on 
the inner webs. The head of the female is afh-color 
fpotted with black: the back and fcapulars are of a 
dull brownifh red: and the breaft and fides of a dirty. 

S yellow, 


Clas ll. RED HEADED LINNET. 313 


yellow, ftreaked with dufky lines. It is a common 
fraud in the bird-fhops in London, when a male bird 
is diftinguifhed from the female by a red breaft, as 


inthe cafe of this bird, to ftain or paint the feathers, — 


fo that the deceit is not eafily difcovered, at left 
clofe infpection. 

Thefe birds are frequent on our fea-coafts ; and are 
often taken in fight time near London: it is a familiar 
bird; and is as chearful five minutes after it is caught 


as a French prifoner is faid to be after the fame fhort — 


captivity. 


VIII. The LESSER RED-HEADED LINNET. 


Wil, orn. 260. Fringilla linaria, Zin. fif. 322, 

Raii fyn. av. gh. Grafika. Faun, Suec. fp. 241. 

La petite Linotte des vignes. Grafel, Meerzeifel, Tehotleted 
Briffon av. iii. 138. Rapa 369. 

Pi. enl. 151. fe 2. Br. Zool. Wik. 


HIS§ is the left of the linnets, being fcarce half 

the fize of the preceding. Its bill is dusky, 

but the bafe of the lower mandible yellow: the fore- 
head ornamented with a rich fhining {pot of a pur- 
plifh red : the breaft is of the fame color, but not fo 
bright ; yet in the breafts of fome we have found the 
red wanting: the belly is white: the back dusky 
edged with reddifh brown : the fides in fome yellowith, 
jn others afh-color, but both marked with narrow 
dusky lines: the quil-feathers, and thofe of the tail 
are dusky, bordered with dirty white: the coverts 
dusky, 


Defer. 


314 RED HEADED LINNET.  -Clafs il. 


dusky, edged with white, fo as to form two tranf- 
verfe lines of that color. The fpot on the fore- 
head of the female is of a faffron color. The legs 
are dusky. 

Mr. /illoughby gives us thefe notes to diftinguifh 
it from the laft fpecies. I. It is lefs. Il. The bill 
is leffer and fharper. JIT. Both fexes have the {pot 
on the head. IV. Its legs and feet are blacker. 
V. The tail has lefs white in it. WI. This fpecies is 
gregarious, the other not. 

We have feen the neft of this fpecies on an alder 
ftump near a brook, between two or three feet from 
the ground: it was made on the outfide with dried 
ftalks of grafs and other plants, and here and there a 
little wool, the lining was hair and a few feathers: 
the bird was fitting on four eggs of a pale bluith 
green, thickly fprinkled near the blunt end with 
{mall reddith fpots. The bird was fo tenacious 
of her neft, as to fuffer us to take her off with our. 
hand, and we found that after we had releafed her 
fhe would not forfake it. 

This feems to be the fpecies known about London 
under the naine of the /fone redpoll, 


IX. The 


Clafs I. MOUNTAIN LINNET. 316 


IX. The MOUNTAIN LINNET, OR TWITE. 


Le Picaveret? Belon av. 358. La petite Linotte, ou le Cabaret. 
Wil. orn. 261. Briffon av, itis 142, 145. 
Raii fyn. av. gl. Linaria fera faxatilis, Kéein. hiff. 
Linaria montana. Linaria mi- av. 93. 

nima, Br. Zool, 111. 


HIS is an inhabitant of the hilly parts of our 

country, as Mr. Willoughby informs us. He 
fays it is twice the fize of the laft fpecies: that the 
color of the head and back is the fame with that of 
the common linnet: that the feathers on the throat 
and breaft are black edged with white: the rump is 
of arich fcarlet or orange tawny-color. The edges 
of the middle quil-feathers are white, as are the tips of 
thofe of the fecond row: the two middle feathers of 
the tail are of a uniform dufky-color; the others 
edged with white. This fpecies is taken in the flight 
feafon near Lozdon with the linnets; it is there called 
a Twite, The birds we examined differed in fome par- 
ticulars from Mr. Willoughby’s defcription. In fize 
they are rather inferior to the common linnet, and of 
a more taper make: their bills fhort and entirely 
yellow: above and below each eye is a pale brown 
{pot : the edges of the greater coverts of the wings 
white ; in other refpects both agree. The female 
wants the red mark on the rump. ; 

Thefe birds take their name from their note, which 
has no mufic in it: it is a familiar-bird, and more 
eafily tamed than the common Jinnet, 

x We 


Defer, 


316 CANARY BIRD. Ch&IB 


We believe it breeds only in the Northern parts of 
our ifland. 

Here it may not be improper to mention the 
Canary bird*, which is of the finch tribe. It was 
originally peculiar to thofe ifles, to which it owes its 
name ;, the fame that were known to the antients by 
the addition of the fortunate. The happy tempera- 
ment of the air, the fpontaneous productions of the 
ground in the varieties of fruits; the fprightly and 
chearful difpofition of the inhabitants+; and the 
harmony arifing from the number of the birds found 
there f, procured them that romantic diftinction. 
Though the antients celebrate the ifle of Canaria for 


the multitude of birds, they have not mentioned any ° 


in particular. Itis probable then, that our fpecies 
was not introduced into Earope till after the fecond 
difcovery of thefe ifles, which was between the thir- 
teenth and fourteenth centuries. We are uncertain 
when it fir made its appearance in this quarter of the 
globe. Belon, who wrote in 1555, is filent in refpect 
to thefe birds: Ge/wer || is the firft who mentions 


* Wil. orn. 262. Raii fyn. av. ot. Vide Serin des Canaries. Bri/ox 
av. iii. 184. Fringilla Canaria. Lin. ff. 321. 

+ Fortunate infulc abundant Jua fponte genitis, et Jubinde alis 
Super eliis innafcentibus nihil fosicitos alunt ; beatius quam alie urbes 
excultee. Mela de fit.orb.iii. 17. He then relates, the-vaft flow of mirth 
among this happy people, by a figurative fort of expreffion, that al- 
ludes to their tempering difcretion with their jollity, and never fuf- 
fering it te exceed the bounds of prudence. ‘This he delivers un- 
der the notion of two fountains found among them, a/terum qui 
gulavere vif folvuntur in mortem; ita affedtis remedium eff ex altero 
bibere. 

t Ommnes copia pomorum,. ct avium omnis generis abandent, Sts 
Plin. lib.-Vi, ¢. 32. : 

J Ge/uer av. 2406 

them 5 


bene 


Clafs II: CAN ARiyY “BIRD. 317 


them; and “drovand* fpeaks of them as rarities, 
that they-were very dear on occount of the difficulty 
attending the bringing them from fo diftant a coun- 
try, and that they were purchafed by people of rank 
alone. Olma-+ fays, that in his time there was a de- 
generate fort found on the ifle of Elda, off the coaft 
of Italy, which came there otiginally by means of a 
fhip bound from the Canaries to Leghorn, and was 
wrecked on that ifland. We once faw fome fmall 
birds brought direétly from the Canary lands, that 
we fufpect to be the genuine fort; they were of a dull 
green color, but as they did not fing, we fuppofed 
them to be hens. Thefe birds will produce with the 
goldfinch and linnet, and the offspring is called a 
mule-bird, becaufe, like that animal, it proves 
barren. 

They are ftill found} on the fame fpot to which 
we were firft indebted for the production of fuch 
charming fongfters ; but they are now become fo nu- 
merous in our own country, that we are under no 
neceffity of crofling the ocean for them. 


* Aldr. av.\N. 355. 
+ Olina uccel. 7. 
L Glas’s hift. Canary Iles, 199. 


oe X. The 


Defer. 


pe CORON TING) ete 
Genus XXII]. BUN FINGS, 


I. The BUN TING. 


Ee Proyer, Prier,. ou Pruyer.. Petrone, Capparone, Stardacchios 


Belon av. 266. Zinan. 63. 
Emberiza alba. Gef/uer av.654. Emberiza Miliaria. Lin. fff. 308.. 
Aldr, av. ti. 264. Faun. Suec. fp. 228. 
Strillozzo, Olina, 44. Korn Larkor. Liz. it. ean. 292. 
Wil. orn. 2676. tab. 4. 


Raii fyn. av. 93. Cimbris! Korn-Larke. Norweg-. 
Le Proyer, Cynchramus.. Briffor Knotter. Braznich 247. 

av, Ili. 292. Brafler. Kram. 372. 
Pl. anl. 30+. Br. Zool, 111. plate W. f. 7. 


ELE bill of this bird, and the other fpecies of 

this genus, is fingularly conftruéted ; the fices 
of the upper mandible form a fharp angle, bending 
inwards towards the lower; and in the roof of the 
former isa hard knob, adapted to bruife corn or other 
hard feeds. The throat, breaft, fides and belly are of 
a yellowifh white: the head and upper part of the 
body of a pale brown, tinged with olive; each of 
which (except the belly) are marked with oblong. 
black {pots ; towards the rump the fpots grow fainter. 
The quil-feathers are dufky, their exterior edges of 
apale yellow. The tail is a little forked, of a dusky 
hue, edged with white: the legs are of a pale yellow.. 
This we believe to be a bird of paffage; at left in 
North-wales, it appears only in the fummer. 


I. The 


Cell. YELLOW-HAMMER. 419 


I]. The YELLOW-HAMMER, 


Belon av. 366. “Emberiza citrinella, Lin. Sifts 
mberiza flava. Ge/ver av. 653. 309. 
Cia pagglia riccia, Lutez alte- ‘Groning, Golfpink. Faun. Suec. 


rum genus. A/dr. av.ii, 372. fp. 230. 
Wil. orn. 268. Ammering, Goldammering. Kram. 


| Rati fyn. av. 93. 3,70. 
Le Bruant. Brifon av. iii. 258. Br. Zool. 112. 
Pi. ent. '30.-f. 2. 


HIS fpecies makes a large flat neft on the 
ground, near or under a buth or hedge; the 
materials are mofs, dried roots and horfe hair inter- 
woven. It lays fix eggs of a white color, veined with 
a dark purple: is one of our commoneft birds, and 
in winter frequents our farm yards with other {mall 
birds. 

The bill is of a dusky hue: the crown of the pc. 
head is of a pleafant pale yellow; in fome almoft 
plain, in others fpotted with brown: the hind part of 
the neck is tinged with green: the chin and throat 
are yellow: the breaft is marked with an erange red: 
the belly yellow: the leffer coverts of the wings are 
green; the others dusky, edged with ruft color: the 
back of the fame colors: the ramp of a rufty red: 
the quil-feathers dufky, their exterior fides edged 
with yellowifh green: the tail isa little forked ; the 
middle feathers are browns the two middlemoft 
edged on both fides with green ; the others on their 
exterior fides only: the interior fides of the two out- 
moft feathers are marked obliquely near their ends 


with white, 
X 3 Ili. The 


Defer. 


320 «= REEDISPARROW. . Caf lh 


lil. The REED-SPARROW. 


eae g Gefuer av. 573, ° nus arundinaceus. Briffon av. 
652. lil. 274. 

Wil. orn. 269. stnere {cheeniclus. Lin. /j/. 

Rati fyn. av. 93. 31 

The Nettle- monger. Mortoz. Saf- an Faun, Suec. fp. 231+ 
Northampt. 428: Rohrammering, Meerfpatz. 

Ror-Sperv. Brunich. 251. Kram. 371. 


L’Ortulan de Rofeaux, Hortula- Br. Zool. 112. plate W. 


HE reed fparrow inhabites marfhy places, 
moft commonly among reeds; from which 
it takes its name. Its neft is worthy notice for the 
artful contrivance of it, being faftened to four reeds, 
and fufpended by them like a hammock, about three 
feet above the water; the cavity of the neft is deep, 
but narrow, and the materials are decayed ruthes, fine 
bents and hairs; itlays four or five eggs, of a bluifh 
white, marked with irregular purplifh veins, efpe- . 
cially on the larger end. It is a bird much admired 
for its fong, and like the nightingale it fings in the 
night. . 
Inthe male, the head, chin-and throat are black : 
at each corner of the mouth commences a white ring, 
which encircles the head,» The whole under. fide of 
the body is white. The back, coverts of the wings, 
and the fcapular feathers are black, deeply bordered 
with red. . The two middle feathers of the tail are 
of the fame colors; the thrée next black. The ex- 
terior web, and part of the interior of the outmoft 
feather 


Cla& I. GREATER BRAMBLING. 321 


feather is white. The head of the female is ruft- 
colored, fpotted with black; it wants the white 
ring round the neck; but in moft other refpects re- 
fembles the male. 


IV. The GREATER BRAMBLING. 


Avis ignota a Piperino miffa. Ge/- Br. 245. 
av. 798. Snow-bird. Edw. av. 126. 
Great pied Mountain Finch, or Egede Greenl. 64. 
Brambling. Wil. orn. 255. © Martin's Spitzberg. 73. 


Raii fyn. av. 88. Emberiza nivalis. Lin. jf. 308. 
L’Ortolan de Neige, Hortulanus Snofparf, Hardvarsfogel. Faun. 


nivalis. Briffon av. iii. 285. Suec. fp. 227. 
Cimbris Sneekok, Vinter fugl. Br. Zool. 112. plate f. 6. 
Norveg, Snee fug), Fizlfter. 


‘TH E weight-of this bird is rather more than an 

ounce: the length is fix inches three-quarters: 
the breadth twelve inches three-quarters, ‘The bill 
is very fhort; yellow, except the point, which is 
black. Thecrown of the head is of a tawny color, 
darkeft near the forehead: the whole neck is of the 
fame color, but paler: the throat’almoft white: the 
upper part of the breaft is of a dull yellow; the 
breaft and whole under part of the body white, dafhed 
with a yellowifh tinge. The back and fcapular fea- 
thers are black, edged with a pale reddifh brown: 
the rump and covert feathers of the tail are white 
on their lower half;.on their upper, yellow. 

The tail confifts of twelve feathers, and is alittle 
forked : the three exterior feathers are white: the 
two outmoft marked with a dusky fpot on the ex- 

xX 4 terior 


Defer. 


322 GREATER BRAMBLING. ClafsII. 


terior fide ; the third is marked with the fame color 
on both fides the tip: the reft of the tail feathers are 
entirely dufky. The wings, when clofed, reach 
about the middle of the tail: the color, of as much 
of the fix firft quil-feathers that appear in view, are 
dusky, flightly tipt with a reddifh white: their lower 
part on both fides white: in the feven fucceeding 
feathers the dusky color gradually gives place to the 
white; which in the feventh of thefe poffefles the 
_whole feather, except a fmall fpot on the exterior 
upper fide of each; the two next are wholly white: 
the reft of the quil-feathers and the fcapular feathers 
are black, edged with a pale red: the baftard wing, 
and the outmoft fecondary feathers are of the fame 
color with the quil-feathers: the reft of them, toge- 
ther with the coverts, are entirely white, forming one 
large bed of white. The legs, feet and claws are 
black: the hind toe is very long, like that of a lark, 
but not fo ftrait. 

Sometimes in this, but always in the arézc coun- 
tries, the whole bird, except the back, end, of the quil- 
feathers, and the four middle feathers of the tail, is 
white ; thofe parts being with us partly tawny, partly 
black. Inthe northern regions, generally black or 
dufky. In England they are miftaken for white larks, as 
they have a long back claw, like the lark kind. Thefe 
birds inhabite all the northern parts of the world, even 
as far as the rigorous climate of Greenland and Spitz- 
bergen; where very few land fowl are found. In 
fevere winters, they are forced by the cold into this 
country; but we do not find that they breed here: 

we 


ClafsIl, | LESSER BRAMBLING. 323 


we feldom fee them wholly white; but Linuzus tells 
us, that in Lapland, &c. in the winter, they affume 
the color of the fnow, from whence their name; that 
they fit on the ground, feed on oats, wake in the night, 
and are a delicious food. 


V. The LESSER BRAMBLING. 


Leffer Mountain-finch, or Bram- Morton Northampt. 423. tab. 13. 
bling. Wil. orn. 255. fig. 3. 
Br. Zool. 113. 


WE are obliged to borrow the following defcrip~ 


tion from the account Mr. obnfon trant{- 
mitted to Mr. Ray; having never feen the bird. Mr, 
Ray fufpected that it was only a variety of the 
former, but Mr. Morton, having frequent oppor- 
tunity of examining this fpecies, proves it to be a 
diftinét kind. 

According to Mr. Fobn/on, its bill is fhort, thick, 
and ftrong ; black at the point, the reft yellow. The 
forehead is of a dark cheftnut ; the hind part of the 
head and cheeks of a lighter; the hind part of the 
neck, and the back are afh-colored ; the Jatter more 
{potted with black; the throat is white: the breaft 
and belly waved with flame color; at the fetting on 
of the wing grey; the five firft feathers are of a 
blackifh brown, the reft white with the point of each 
dafhed with brown: the three outmoft feathers of 
the tail are white; the reft dark brown; the feet 
black ; the hind claw as low again as any of the reft. 

4 The 


Defer. 


Defer. 


324 


GREAT TITMOUSE. 


Clafs IT, 


The breaft of the female is of a darker color than 


that of the male. 


This fpecies, by the above-men- 


tioned writer’s account, is found in York/bire and 


Northamptonfbire. 


Genus XXIV.. TLD Sipe. 


Like’ GRAY 


Nonette ou Mefange. Beloz av. 


Parus major. Gefuer av. 640. 

Aldr, av. ii. 319. 

Spernuzzola, Paruffola. Oda 28. 

Great Titmoufe, or Ox-eye. W7/. 
orn. 240. 

Raii fy. av. 736 


TITMOUSE. 


Lin. fyft. 341. 

Talg-oxe. Faun. Suec. fp. 265. 

Le groffe Mefange, ou la Char- 
bonnigre. Briffon av. ili. 539. 

PL. en) Byars 

Mautvit. Brunuich. 287. 

Kohlmeife. Kram. 378. 

Br. Zool, 113. plate W. f. 4. 


kg {pecies fometimes vifits our gardens; but 

chiefly inhabites woods, where it builds in hol- 
low trees, laying about ten eges. This, and the 
whole tribe feed on infects, which they find in the 
bark of trees ; in the fpring they do a great deal of 
mifchief in the fruit garden, by picking off the ten- 
der buds. Like wood-peckers they are perpetually 
running up and down the bodies of trees in queft of 
food. 

The head and throat of this fpecies are black ; 
the cheeks white ; the back, andcoverts of the wings 
green ; the belly of a yellowifh green, divided in the 
middle by a bed of black, which extends to the 
vent; the rump is of a bluifh grey. The quil-feathers 
are dufky, tipt partly with blue, partly with white. 
The leffer coverts are blue: the greater tipt with 

white. 


Gas lI BLUEIT UT MOUSE. 325 


white. The exterior fides of the outmoft feather of 
the tail are white: the exterior fides of the other 
bluifh: their interior fides dusky: the legs lead 
color. 


Hothe BLUE TIT MOUSE. 


Belon av. 369. PU en au katah 

Parus coeruleus. Ge/zer av. 641. Parozolino, o Fratino. Zzzate 
Aldr. av. ii. 321. 76. 

Blue Titmoufe, or Nun. Wil. Lin. ff. 341. 


orn. 242. é; _Blamees. Faun. Suec. /p. 267. 
Raii fyn, av. 74. Blaaemeife. Br. 288. 
La Mefange Bleue. Brifan av. iii. Blaumeife. Kram. 379. 

544. ~ Br. Zool, 114, plate W. f. 5. 


HIS bird frequents gardens, and does great in- 

jury to fruit trees, by bruifing the young buds 
in fetech of the infects that lurk under them ; it breeds 
in holes of walls and lays about twelve or fourteen 
eges, 

It is a very beautiful te. the bill is fhort and. 
dusky : the crown of the head of a fine blue: from 
the bill to the eyes is a black line: the forehead and 
cheeks are white: the back is of a yellowifh green: 
the lower fide of the body yellow : the wings and tail 
blue, the former marked tranfverfely with a white 
bar: the legs of a lead color. 


HII. The 


Defcr. 


Defer. 


326 COLEMOUSE. Clafs Ii, 


Wl. The COLEMOUSE. 


Quatriefme efpece de Mefange: La Mefange a tefte noire, Parus 


Belon av. 3,70. atricapillus. Brifon av. iii. 

Parus ater. Ge/uer av. 641< ist 
Aldr. av, ih. 3216 Cat. Carol. app. 37. 
Wil. orn. 241. P. ater. Lin. ff. 341. 
Raii fy. av. 73. Faun. Suec. fp. 268. 
Speermiefe, Creuzmeife. Kram. Br. Zool, 114. 

379° 


FiE head of the colemoufe is black, marked on 

the hind part with a white fpot; the back is of 

a greenifh grey ; the rump more green; the tail and 
wings dusky 3 the exterior fides of the quil-feathers 
edged with green; the coverts of the wings are of a 
dusky green; the loweft tipt with white. For a far- 
ther account we beg leave to refer to the next def- 


cription. 


IV. The MARSH TITMOUSE. 


Parus paluftris. Ge/ner av. 641+ iii. 555. 


Paronzino. Aldr. av. ii. 32. PI, eal. 3. £..3. 

Marth Titmoufe, or Black-cap. Liz. /yf. 341. 190. 
Wil. orn. Entita, Tomlinge. Faun. Suec. 

Raii fyn. av. 74. Jp. 269. 

Frattino paluftre. Zinan. 77. Hund{meife. Kram. 379.. 


ia Mefange de Marais ou la Norvegis Graae-Meile. Beueaael 
Nonette cendrée. Briffon av. Br. Zool. 114. plate W. f. 3. 


6 ie fpecies is called by Gefner the marhh tit- 
moufe; becaufe it frequents wet places. -With 
us they inhabite woods, with the laft kind; and fel- 


doin infeft our gardens. 
Mr. 


Clf&Il. LONG TAILED TITMOUSE. 327 


Mr. Willoughby obferves that this bird differs from 
the former in thefe particulars, 1ft, that it is bigger = 
ad, that it wants the white fpot on the head: 3d, it 
has a larger tail: 4th, its under fide is white: 5th, it 
has lefs black under the chin: 6th, it wants the white 
fpot on the coverts of thewings. ‘This laft diftinction 
does not hold in general, as the fubject figured 
in the Brit Zoology had thofe fpots ; yet wanted that 
on the hind part of the head. 


V.. The LONG TAILED. TITMOUSE. 


Belon av. 368. ; La Mefangea longue queue Parus 
Parus caudatus. Gefner av. 642, longicaudus. Brifoz av. ili. 


Monticola. A/dr. av. ii. 319+ 570- 

Wil. orn. 242. Lin. fyfto 3425 

Raii fyn. av. 74. Alhtita. Faun. Suec../p. 33. 

Pendolino, Paronzino, Zizan. Belzmeife Pfannenftiel. Krazit. 
77° 379s 


“HE length is five inches and a quarter; the 
breadth feven inches. The bill is black, 

very fhort, thick, and very convex, differing greatly 
from all others of the titmoufe kind: the bafe is 
befet with fmall briftles: the irides are of a hazel 
€olor. The top of the head, from the bill to the 
hind part, is white, mixed with a few dark grey 
feathers ; this bed of white is entirely furrounded 
with a broad ftroke ef black, which rifing on each 
fide the upper mandible, paffes over each eye, unites. 
at the hind part of the head; and continues along 
the middle of the back to the rump: the feathers 


on each fide of this black ftroke are of a purplifh red, 
as 


Defer: 


328 LONG TAILED TITMOUSE.  Clafs II; 


as are thofe immediately incumbent on the tail. The 
covert feathers of the wings are black: the fecondary 
and quil-feathers are dufky, the largeft of the latter 
are wholly fo; the leffer and more remote have their 
exterior fides edged with white. ‘The tail is the 
longeft in proportion to the bulk of any Britifh bird, 
being in length three inches; the form of it is like 
that of a magpie, confifting of twelve feathers of un- 
equal lengths, the middlemoft the longeft, thofe on 
each fide growing gradually fhorter; the exterior 
fides, and the top of the interior fides of the three 
outmoft feathers are white ; the reft of the tail black. 
The cheeks and throat are white: the breaft and 
whole under fide white, with a caft of red. The legs, 
feet and claws are black. 

It forms its neft with great elegance, of an oval 
fhape, and about eight inches deep; near the upper 
end is a hole for admiffion: the external materials 
are moffes and lichens, curioufly interwoven with 
wool; within it is lined very warmly with a thick 
bed of feathers: it lays from ten to feventeen eggs. 
The young follow the parents the whole winter; and 
from the flimnefs of their bodies, and great length of 
El appear, while flying, like fo many darts cutting 
the air. 


OF 


[2329 J 


OF THE 
SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 


N the fuburbs of Loudon (and particularly Shore- 
ditch) are feveral weavers and other tradef{men, 

who, during the months of Odiober and March, get 
their livelihood by an ingenious, and we may fay, 
4 {cientific method of bird-catching, which is totally 
unknown in other parts of Great-Britain. 

The reafon of this trade being confined to fo fmall 
a compafs, arifes from there Bie no confiderable 
{ale for finging birds except in uke metropolis: as the 
apparatus for this purpofe is alfo heavy, and at the 
fame time muft be carried on a man’s back, it pre- 
vents the bird-catchers going to above three or four 
miles diftance. 

This method of bird-catching tue have been long 
practifed, as it is brought toa ee fy ftematical per- 
fection, and is attended with a very confiderable ex~ 
pence. 

The nets are a moft ingenious piece ae mechanifm, 
are generally twelve api and a half long, and two 
yards and a half wide ; and no one on Bare! infpection 
would imagine that a bird (who is fo very quick in 
all its motions) could be catched by the nets flapping 


Cvéeer 


3go OF THE SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 


over each other, till he becomes eye witnefs of the 
pullers feldom failing *. 

The wild birds fly (as the bird-catchers term it) 
chiefly during the month of Oéobder, and part of- 
thofe of September and November : the fight in March 
being much lefs confiderable than it is at Michaelmas. 
It is to be noted alfo, that the feveral f{pecies of thefe 
birds of flight do not make their appearance at the 
fame time, but at different periods, during the 
months of September, October and November; for in- 
fance, the pippit + begins his flight every year about 
Mickaelmas, when they are caught in the greateft 
numbers: to this the woodlark fucceeds, and con- 
tinues his flight till towards the middle of October; 
and itis very remarkable, though both thefe ipecies 
of birds are moft eafily caught during their figbr, 
yet when that is over, no art can feduce them into 
the nets. When the cood/ark’s fecond flighi begins, 
which is in February, they are as eafily caught as be- 
fore: the other birds are not quite fo pundctually 
periodical in their fight; the greenjinch does not begin 
his till the frofts fet in. 

The birds, during thofe months, fy from day 
_ break to twelve at noon, and there is’ afterwards a 
fmal] fight from two till night; though this is fo 
inconfiderable, that the bird-catchers always take up 
their nets at nocn. 


* Thefe nets are known in moft parts of Exgland by the name 
of day-nets or clap-nets; but all we have feen are far inferior in their 
mechanjim to thofle ufed near Londen. 

+ A fmal! lar; but which is much inferior to other birds of 
this {pecies in poiat of finging. 


It 


OF THE SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 331 


It may well deferve the attention of the naturalift 
whence thefe periodical flights of certain birds can 
arife. The vernal flight feems to be Owing to the 
influence of the feafon of love: they are then in 
fearch of fit places to indulge their paffion, and 
fecure retreats for their nefts and younglings: on the 
contrary, the autumnal flight, which is moft numer- 
ous, confifts in great part of the parents conducting 
the new fledged young to thofe places where there is 
found srouitiot, and a proper Hohe of air 
during the winter feafon. 

It may not be improper to mention another cir- 
- cumftance, to be obferved during their paflage, viz, 
that they fly always againft the wind; (except the 
chaffinch, who flies acrofs the wind; that is, if the 
wind is fouth, it flies from the weft; if north, from 
the eaft) hence, there is great contention amongtt the 
bird-catchers who fhall gain the wind ; which, if (for 
example) it is wefterly, the bird-catcher who lays his 
nets moft to the eaft, is fure almoft of catching every 
thing, if his call-birds are good : a gentle wind to the 
fouth-weft generally produces the beft fport. 

The bird-catcher, who is a fubftantial man, and 
hath a proper apparatus for this purpofe, generally 
carries with him five or fix dnmets (of which more are 
caught than any other finging bird) two goldfinches, 
two greenfinches, one woodlark, one redpoll, and per- 
haps a bull-finch , a yellowbammer, titlark, and aberda- 
vine; thefe are placed at fmall diftances from the 
nets in little cages. He hath, befides, what are 


called flur-birds, which are placed within the nets, 
are, 


332 OF THE SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 


are raifed upon the fur*, and gently let down at the 
time the wild bird approaches them: thefe generally 
confift of the Jinnet, the goldfinch, and the greenfinch 
thefe birds are fecured to the fur by what is called a 
brace}; & contrivance that fecures the birds without 
doing any injury to their plumage, 

It! having been found that there is a fuperiority and 
afcendency between bird and bird, from the one be- 
ing more i fong than the other; the bird-catchers. 
contrive that their ca-dirds fhould moult before 
the ufual time. They, therefore, in Juue or Fuly,. 
put them into a ciofe box, under two or three folds. 
of blankets, and leave their dung in the cage to. 
raife a greater heat; in which ftate they continue, 
being perhaps examined but once a week to have 
frefh water: as. for food, the air is fo putrid, that 
they eat litle during the whole ftate of confinement, 
which lafts about a month. The birds frequently 
die under the operation {; and hence the value of a 
lopped-bird rifes greatly. 

When the bird haththus prematurely moulted, he 
is in foug, whilft the wild birds are out of fong, and his 
note is louder and more piercing than that of a wild 


* A moveable perch to which the bird is tied, and which the: 
bird-catcher can raife at pleafure, by means of a long ftring faften-- 
éd to it. 

+ A fort of bandage, formed of a flender filken ftring: that is. 
faftened round the bird’s body, and under the Wings, in fo artful a. 
manner as to hinder the bird from being hurt, let it flutter ever fo 
much in the raifing. 

¢ We have been lately informed by an experienced bird-catcher, 
that he purfues a cooler regimen in /fopping his birds, and that he 
therefore feldom lofes one: but we fufpeét that there 1 is. not the 
fame certainty of making them moult, 


one; 


OF THE SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 333 


one; but it is not only in his note he receives an al- 
teration, the plumage is equally improved; the black 
and yellow in the wings of the goldjinch, for example, 
become deeper and more vivid, together with a moft 
beautiful glofs, which is not to be feen in the wild 
bird: the bill, which inthe latter is likewife black at 
the end, in the /fopped-bird becomes white, and more 
taper, as do its legs: in fhort, there is as much dif- 
ference between a wild and a flopped- bird, as there is 
between a horfe which is kept in body cloaths, or 
at grafs. 

When the bird-catcher hath laid his nets, he dif- 
pofes of his call-dirds at proper intervals. It muft be 
owned, that there is a moft malicious joy in thefe 

-call- birds to bring the wild ones into the fame ftate of 
captivity ; which may likewife be obferved with re- 
gard to decoy ducks. : 

Their fight and hearing infinitely excels that of the 
bird-catcher. The inftant that the * wild birds are per- 
ceived, notice is given by one to the reft of the 
call-birds, (as it is by the firft hound that hits on the 
fcent, to the reft of the pack) after which, follows 


- the fame fort of tumultuous ecftacy and joy. The 


call-birds, while the bird is at a diftance, do not fing 
as a bird does in a chamber; they invite the wild 
ones by what the bird-catchers call /hort jerks, which 
when the birds are good, may be heard at a great 
diftance: the aftendency by this call or invitation is 


* Tt may be alfo obferved, that the moment they fee a hawls, 
they communicate the alarm to each other by a plaintive note; 
nor will they then jeré or call though the wild birds are near. 


Y 2 fo 


434 OF THE SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 


fo great, that the wild bird is ftopped in its courfeof 
flight, and if not already acquainted with the nets*, | 
lights boldly within twenty yards of perhaps three 
or four bird-catchers, on a fpot which otherwife it 


would not have taken the left notice of ; nay, it fre- 


queatly happens, that if half a flock only are caught, 
the remaining half will immediately afterwards light 
in the nets, and fhare the fame fate; and fhould only 
one bird efcape, that bird will fuffer itfelf to be pulled 
at, till it is caught, fuch a fafcinating power have the. 
call-birds. | 
While we are on this fubje& of the jerking of birds, 
we cannot omit mentioning, that the bird-catchers’ 
frequently lay confiderable wagers whofe call-bird can 


jerk the Jongeft, as that determines the fuperiority. , 


They place them oppofite to each other, by an inch 
of candle, and the bird who jerks the ofteneft, before 
the candle is burnt out, wins the wager. We have 
been informed, that there have been inftances of a 
bird’s giving a hundred and feventy erks in a quarter 
of an hour; and we have known a linnet, in fuch a 
trial, perfevere in its emulation till it fwooned from 
the perch: thus, as Pliny fays of the nightingale, 
villa morte init fepe vitam, Jpirttu prius deficiente quam 
cantu +. 
It may be here obferved, that birds when near each 
other, and in fight, feldom jerk or fing. ‘They either 
fight, or ufe fhort and wheedling calls; the»jerking 


* A bird, acquainted with the nets, is by the bird-catchers termed 
a fbarper, which they endeavour to drive away, as they can ‘have 
no {port whilft it continues near them. . 


t Lib. X.¢. 29. 
‘ of 


\ 


OF THE SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 336 


of thefe call-birds, therefore, face to face, is a moft 
extraordinary inftance of contention for fuperiority 
in fong. x 

It may be alfo worthy of obfervation, that the fe- 
male of no fpecies of birds ever fings: with birds, it is 
the reverfe of what occurs in human kind: among 
the feathered tribe, all the cares of life fall to the lot 
_ of the tender fex: theirs is the faticue of incubation, 
and the principal fhare in nurfing the helplefs brood: 
to alleviate thefe fatigues, and to fupport her under 
them, nature hath given to the male the fong, with 
all the little blandifhments and foothing arts; thefe he 
fondly exerts (even after courtfhip) on fome fpray 
contiguous to the neft, during the time his mate is 
performing her parental duties. , 

To thefe we may add a few particulars that fell 
within our notice during our enquiries among the 
bird-catchers, fuch as, that they immediately kill the 
hens of every {pecies of birds they take, being incapa- 
ble of finging, as alfo being inferior'in plumage; the 
pippets likewife are indifcriminately deftroyed, as the 
cock does not fing well: they fell the dead birds for 

three-pence or four-pence a dozen. 

_ Thefe fmall birds are fo goad, that we are fur- 
prized the luxury of the age neglects fo delicate an ac- 
quifition tothe table. ‘The modern Jta/ans are fond 
of {mall birds, which they eat under the common 
name of Beccoficos : and the dear rate a Roman trage- 
dian paid for one difh of finging birds * is well 
‘nown. coh 3 
* Maxim? tamen infignis eff in hac memoria, Clodii AZfopi 


Aragici hiftrionis patina Jexcentis H. 8. taxata; in quo pofuit aves 
Y¥u3 cants 


336 OF THE SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 


Another particular we learned, in converfation with 
a London bird-catcher, was the vaft price that is fome- 
times given fora finglefong bird, which had not learned 
to whiftle tunes. The greateft fum we heard of, was 
five guineas for a chaffinch, that had a particular and 
uncommon note, under which it was intended to 
train others: and we alfo heard of five pounds ten 
fhillings being given for a call-bird linnet. 

A third fingular circumftance, which confirms the 
obfervation of Linnaeus, is, that the male chaffinches 
fly by themfelves, and in the fight precede the females; 
but this is not peculiar to the chaffinches: when the 
titlarks are caught in the beginning of the feafon, it 
frequently happens, that forty are taken and not one 
female among them: and probably the fame would 
be obferved with regard to other birds (as has been 
done with relation to the wheat-ear) if they were 
attended to. 

An experienced and intelligent bird-catcher in- 
formed us, that fuch birds as breed twice a year, ge- 
nerally have in their firft brood a majority of males, 
and in their fecond, of females, which may in part 
account for the above obfervation. 

We muft not omit mention of the dulinch, though 
it dees not properly come under the title of a finging 
bird, or a bird of fight, as it does not often move 
farther than from hedge to hedge; yet, as the bird 
fells well on account of its learning to whiftle tunes, 


caniv aligquo, aut humano fermone, vocales. Plin. lib. x. 51. 
The price of this expenfive difh was about 6843/. 105. according 
to Arbuthnot’s tables. ‘This feems to have been a wanton caprice, 
rather than a tribute to epicurifm. 


« and 


OF THE SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 337 


and fometimes flies over the field where the nets are 
laid: the bird catchers have often a call bird to en- 
{nare it, though moft of them can imitate the call 
with their mouths. 4t is remarkable with regard to 
this bird, that the female anfwers the purpofe of a 
call-bird as well as the male, which is not experienced 
in any other bird taken by the London bird-catchers. 

It may perhaps furprize, that under this article 
of finging birds, we have not mentioned the nightingale, 
which is nota bird of fight, in the fenfe the bird- 
catchers ufe this term; though it certainly is a bird of 
paffage. The nightingale, like the robiz, wren, and 
many other finging-birds, only moves from hedge to 
hedge, and does not take the periodical flighrs in 
‘Offober and March, It is indeed much doubted, 
whether, during thofe months, it is to be found in this 
iland. The perfons who take thefe birds, make ufe 
of fmall trap-nets, without call-birds, and are con- 
fidered as inferior in dignity to our bird-catchers, 
who will not rank with them. 

The nightingale being the firft of finging birds, 
we fhall here infert a few particulars relating to it, 
that were tranfmitted to us fince the defcription of that 
‘bird was printed. 

Its arrival is expected by the trappers in the 
neighborhood of London, the firft week in April; at 
ithe beginning none but cocks aretaken, but in a few 
days the hens make their appearance, generally by 
- themfelves, though fometimes a few males come 
along with them. 

The latter are diftincnifhed from the females not 
only by their fuperior fize, but by a great {welling of 
| X¥4 their 


338 OF THE SMALL BIRDS OF FLIGHT. 


their vent, which commences on the firft arrival of © 
the hens. 

They do not build till the middle of May, and 
generally chufe a quickfet to make their neft in. 

It the nightingale is kept in a cage, it begins to 
fing about the latter end of November, and continues 
finging more or lefs till Fume. 

_A young Canary bird, linnet, frylark, or ie (who 
have never heard any other bird) are faid beft to learn 
the note of a nightingale. f" 

They are caught in a net- “trap 5 the bottom of. 
which is ue tea with an iron ring; the net itfelf. 
is rather larger than a cabbage net. 2 

When the trappers hear or fee them, they ftrew 
fome frefh mould under the place, and bait the trap 
with a meal worm from the baker’s fhop. 

Ten or a dozen xightingales have been caught in a. 
day, and fell immediately for a fhilling a piece. The 
Jargeft price for one that has been long kept in a cage 
and fings well, is a guinea. 7 


Div. 1 


Div. Il. WATER FOWLS. 


Section I. WITH CLOVEN FEET. 
il Wid Ee oF ENON. DW ESTs 
il WITH WEBBED FEET. 


SE Cl Pony -. 
yeGenus: The T E R Oo Ss. 


Boihe CREST EO rE. RON, 


Heron cendré. Belon av. 182. Garza cinerizia grofla. Zinaz. 
Alia ardea. Gefner av. 219. 113. 
Ardea cinerea major, A/dr. av. Le Heron hupé. Brifon av. v. 


iil. 157. 296. tab. 35. 
Common Heron, or Heronfhaw. Blauer Rager. Kram. 346. 

Wil, orn. 277. Ardea major. Liz, fff. 236. 
Ardea cinerea major feu pella. Hager. Faun. Suec. /p. 59. 

Raii fyn. av. 98. The Heron. Br. Zool. 116. tab. 


HIS elegant fpecies is much fcarcer with us 
than the following, and is rather fuperior to it 
in bulk. The bill is fix inches long; very ftrong, Defer. 
and fharp pointed; the edges thin and rough: the 
color dufky abeve; yellow beneath: the noftrils long 
and narrow: the irides are of a deep yellow: the 
fpace round the eyes, and between them and the bill 
covered with a bare greenifh fkin. The forehead and 
crown of the head white: the hind part adorned with 
a beautiful pendent creft of black feathers, the longeft 
above four iches long: the hind part of the neck, 
and 


240 COMMON HERON. © Clafs Ii. 


and the coverts of the wings are grey: the back is 
clad only with down, and covered with the fcapular 
feathers: the fore part of the neck is white, elegantly 
{potted with a double row of black: the feathers are 
long, narrow and unwebbed, falling locfe over the 
breaft; the fcapulars formed in the fame manner, 
are grey ftreaked with white. The ridge of the wing 
is white: the quil feathers and the baftard wing are 
black : on the fides, beneath the fhoulders, is a bed 
of black that continues quite to the tail. ‘The breaft, 
belly and thighs are white ; the laft dafhed with yel- 
low : the tail confifts of twelve feathers, and is afh- 
colored: the legs a dirty green: the claws fhort: the 
inner edge of the middle claw is finely ferrated. 


il. The COMMON HERON. Tab. 6. 


Ardea Pella, five cinerea. Ge/ner Ardea cinerea. Lin. ft. 236. 


av. 211. Danis & Norv. Heyre v. Hegre. 
Ardea cinerea tertia. ld. av. Cimbris Skid-Heire, Skred- 


Il. 159. heire. Norvegis etiam Reyger. 
The blue Heron. Turner. Brunnich 156. 
Aldrovandus, his third kind of Le Heron. Srifon av. Vv. 2026 
afh-colored Heron. Wal. orn. tab. 34. 
279. Br. Zool. 116. 


Raii jyn. av. 98. 


HIS bird is remarkably light in proportion to 

its bulk, fcarce weighing three pounds and a 

half: the length is three feet two inches; the breadth 
five feet four inches. The body is very fmall, and 
always lean ; and the fkin fcarce thicker than what is 
called gold-beater’s fkin. It muft be capable of bear- 
ing a long abftinence, as its food, which is fifh and 
frogs, 


vi. The COMMON HERON . F340, 


oe } 
ie 
i YN 

i n Ys y i 


“A 
- 
be i 
4 


! 


Casll. COMMON HERON, 34% 


frogs, cannot be readily got at all times. It commits 
ereat devaftation in our ponds ; but being unprovided 
with webs to fwim, nature has furnifhed it with very 
long legs to wade after its prey. It perches and builds 
in trees, and fometimes in high cliffs over the fea, 
commonly in company with many others, like rooks. 
It makes its nett of fticks, lines it with wool; and lays 
four large eggs of a pale green color. It was former- 
ly inthis country a bird of game, heron-hawking be- 
ing fo favorite a diverfion of our anceftors, that laws 
were enacted for the prefervation of the fpecies, and 
the perfon who deftroyed their eges was liable to a 
penalty of twenty-fhillings, for each offence. Not 
to know the Hawk from the Heronfhaw was an old 
proverb *, taken originally from this diverfion; but — 
in courfe of time ferved to exprefs great ignorance in 
any fcience. ‘This bird was formerly much efteemed 
as a food; and made a favorite difh at great tables. 
It is faid to be very long lived; by Mr. Keyfler’s ac- 
count it may exceed fixty years: and by a recent 
inftance of one that was taken in Holland by a hawk 
belonging to the ftadtholder, its longevity is again 
confirmed; the bird having a filver plate faftened to 
one leg, with an infcription, importing it had been 
before ftruck by the eleftor of Cologue’s hawks in 
1735. | , 

This differs from the preceding in thefe particulars: 
it is lefs; the head is grey; it wants the long creft; 
having a much fhorter pendent plume of dufky fea- 


* Afterwards this proverb was abfurdly corrupted to, he does 
not know a hawék from a handiaw, 


+ Keyfler’s travels, i. 70. 
thers: 


342 


Buy P SEAR RIN: 


Clafs If. 


thers : the feathers on the fore part of the neck though 


fpetted, are very fhort: 
webbed : 


the fcapulars are grey and 
the fides are grey, not marked with the 


bed of black as thofe of the former are ; in other re- 


fpects they agree. 


Mr. Ray aetna this to be congenerous with the 
crefted heron, but later difcoveries prove them to be 


diftinct kinds, 


Ul. «The, Boh Lay Ee Rae 


Le Butor. Below av. 192. 


“Brrind, Rordump. Gefxer av. 


215. 
The Myredromble. Turner. 


Trombone, Terrabufo. A/dr. av. 


ili. 164. 


Bittour, Bittern, or Mire-drum. 


Wil. orn. 282. 
Raii fyn. av. 100. 


Botaurus, 4e Butor, Briffox av. v. 


444. tab. 27 
Garza Bonen o di color d’oro, 
Zinan. 12. 
Rohstrummel, Mofskuh. Kram, 
348. 
Ardea ftellaris. Lin. yf. 239. 
Rordram. Faun. Suec. /p. 164. 
Danis Rordrum. Brunnich 1: 55- 
Br. Zool. 117. tab, B. t. 


ELE bittern is a very retired bird, concealing 
itfelf in the midft of reeds and rufhes in marfhy 


places 


It is with great difficulty provoked to flight, 


and when on wing has fo dull and flagging a pace, as 
fo acquire among the Greeks the title of oxy@- * or the 


lazy. 
when it is difturbed: 


It has two kinds of notes; the one croaking, 
the other bellowing, which it 
commences in the fpring and ends in autumn. 


Mr. 


Willoughby {ays, that in the latter feafon it foars inte- 
the air with a fpiral afcent to a great height, making 


® Arift, hifi, an. 1056. 


at 


Clafs IL. BUTT IE IRIN. 943 


at the fame time a fingular noife. From the firft ob- 
fervation, we believe this to be the fpecies of heron that 
Virgil alludes to among the birds that forbode a 
tempeft, 


In ficco ludunt fulicz, notafque paludes 
Deferit, atque altam fupra volat 4rdea nubem*, 


For the antients mention three kinds +; the Leucon, or 
white heron; the Pe/los, fuppofed to be the common 
fort ; and the Aflerias or bittérn, which feems to have 
acquired that name from this circumftance of its af- 
piring flight, as it were attempting, at certain feafons, 
the very ftars ; though at other times its motion was 
fo dull, as to merit the epithet of /azy. 

Some commmentators have fuppofed this to have 
been the Zaurus of Pliny ; but as he has exprefsly de- 
clared that to be a {mall bird, remarkable for imita- 
ting the lowing of oxen, we muft deny the explana- 
tion; and wait for the difcovery of the Roman natura- 
lift’s animal from fome of the literati of Av/es, in 
which neighborhood Péimy fays the bird was found {. 
In fize it is inferior to the heron: the bill is weaker, 
and only four inches long : the upper mandible a little 
arched ; the edges of the lower jagged: the rictus or 
gape is fo wide, that the eyes feem placed in the bill: 
the irides are next the pupil yellow; above the yellow 
incline to hazel: the ears are large and open. The 
crown of the head is black ; the feathers on the hind 
part form a fort of fhort pendent creft: at each corner 


* Georg. i. 363. 
t+ Arift. bift. an. 1006. Plin. lib. x. ¢. 60. 
t+ Lib. x. c. 42. 


of 


Defer. 


344 BITTERN. Clafs IT: 


of the mouth isa black fpot: the plumage of this bird 
is of very pale dull yellow, fpotted, barred, or ftriped 
with black: the baftard wing, the greater coverts of 
the wings, andthe quil-feathers are of a bright fer= 
ruginous color, regularly marked with black bars: 
the lower belly is of a whitifh yellow: the tail is very 
fhort, and confifts of only ten feathers. The feathers 
on the breaft are very long, and hang loofe: the legs 
are of a pale green. All the claws are long and 
flender : the inner fide of the middle claw finely fer- 
rated to hold its prey the better; its hind claw is 
remarkably long, and being a fuppofed prefervative 
for the teeth, is fometimes fet in filver and ufed as a 
tooth pick. Befides this common fpecies, Mr. Ed- 
qards mentions a {mall one of the fize of a lapwing, 
fhot near Shrew/bury. He adds no more than that the 
crown of the head was black: as this anfwers the 
defcription of a kind frequent in Switzerland and 
Aufiria *, we imagine it to be a ftrayed bird from 
thofe parts. 

It builds its neft with the leaves of water plants 
on fome dry clump among the reeds, and lays five or 
fix egos, of a cinereous greencolor. This bird and 
the heron are very apt to ftrike at the fowler’s eyes, 
when only maimed. The food of the bittern is chiefly 
frogs ; its fefh has much the favour of the hare 5 
and nothing of the fifhinefs of that of the heron. 


* Kramer Elench. anim. Aufiria, 343. 


{V. The 


GN atree 
» th oft 
ae 
i) 


at cen 
ae 


VIL. The WHITE HERON. 


Clas Il. GREAT WHITE HERON. 34 


IV. The GREAT WHITE HERON. Zab. 7. 


Le Heron blanc. Be/on av. 191. Briffon av. V. 428. 


Ardea alba. Ge/ner av. 213, Grofler weifler Rager. Kram. 


Turner. 346. 
Wil. orn. 279. Ardea alba. Liz. Pi 239. 
Raii fyn.. av. 99; Faun, Suec. fp. 166. 
Ardea candida, le Heron blane. Br. Zool. 117. 


HIS bird has not fallen within our obfervation; 
therefore we muft give Mr. Willoughby’s ac- 
count of it. The length to the end of the feet is fifty- 
three inches and a half, to that of the tail only forty; 
the breadth fixty inches; the weight forty ounces. 
The bill is yellowifh the naked fkin between that 
and the eyes green ; the edges of the eye-lids, and the 
irides are of a pale yellow; the legs are black; the 
inner edge of the middle claw ferrated: the whole 
plumage is of a fhowy whitenefs. This bird is very 
common in many parts of Europe ; Turner fays, that 
in his time this fpecies bred (though rarely) in the 
fame places with the common fort: but we believe 
it to be feldom found with us at prefent, any more 
than the fmall {pecies of crefted white heron mention- 
ed by Leland, under the name of Egritte, in one of 
the bills of fare in the magnificent feaft of our an- 
ceftors *. 


* Leland’s colleG@anea, vol. 6. L’Aigrette. Briffon av.v. a3te 


V. The 


Defers 


Defer, 


346 CUR LEW. Clafs If: 


Genus tL.’ CUR DE Eye 


4 


io The’ C0 R Ee We fae ee 


Le Corlieu. Belon av. 204. Goiffer, Brach-fcknepf. Kram. 
Arquata, five numenius. Ge/ner 350. 

av. 221. Scolopax arquata. Lin. fy. 242. 
Arcafe Torquato. Aldr. av. iii. Faun. Suec. fp. 168. 

169. Danis Heel-fpove. Regn. Spaaer. 
Wil. orn. 294. Regn. Spove, Brunnich 158. 
Raii fyn. av. 103. Br. Zool, 118. 


LeCourly. Briffox av. v. 311. 


HESE birds frequent our fea-coafts and 
marfhes, in the winter time, in large flocks, 
walking on the open fands; feeding on fhells, frogs, 
crabs, and other marine infects: in fummer they re- 
tire to the mountanous and unfrequented parts of the 
country, where they pair and breed. Their eges-are 
of a pale olive color, marked with irregular but di- 
ftinét fpots of palebrown. Their flefh is very rank 
and fifhy, notwithftanding an old Engl/b proverb in 
its favour. 

Curlews differ much in weight and fize; fome 
weighing thirty-feven ounces, others not twenty-two: 
the length of the largeft to the tip of the tail twenty- 
three inches ; the breadth three feet three inches; the © 
bill is fix inches long: the head, neck, and coverts.of 
the wings are of a pale brown; the middle of each 
feather black; the breaft and belly white, marked 
with narrow oblong black lines: the back is white, 
fpotted with a few black ftrokes: the quil-feathers | 
: are 


a em ——$———$ 
€ 


The CURLHW. P, 346, \ 


NIT. 


Clafs Il. WHIMBREL 344 
are black, but the inner webs fpotted with white : 
the tail white, tinged with red and beautifully barred 
with black 5 the legs are long, ftrong, and of a bluifi 
orey color: the bottoms of the toes flat and broad, 
- to enable it to walk on the foft mud, in fearch of 
food. 


i. The WHIMBREL: 


Pheopusaltera; vel arquata mi- Windfpole, Spof. Faun. Suec. fps 
_ nor. Ge/ner av. 499. 169. 
‘Tarangolo, Girardello. 4/dr.av. - Kleiner Goiffer. Kram. 350. 


iii. 180. ‘Le petit Courly, ou le Courlieu, 
Wil. orn. 294. Nomenius minor. Brifiz av. ve 
Raii fn. av. i03. ~ RMA aii tabs Zi) 

Edw. av, 307. Danis Mellem-Spove. Norvegs 
Scolopax Phzopus. Liz. jj. Smaae Spue. Br. 159. 
243. Br. Zool. 119. 


HE whimbrel is much lefs frequent on out 
fhores than the curlew; but its haunts, food, 


and general appearance are much the fame: the fpeci- 


fic difference is the fize; this never exceeding the 
weight of twelve ounces. The bill is two inches irae? 
quarters long ; dufky above, red below: the feathers 
on the head and neck are brown tinged witl red; 
marked in the middle with an oblong black fpot : the 
‘cheeks of a paler color: the upper part of the back, 
the coverts of the wings, the {capulars and the far- 
theft quil-feathers are of the fame color with the neck, 
but the black {pots fpread out tranfverfely on each 
web: the quil-feathers dufky; their fhafts white 5 
and their exterior webs marked with large femicircu- 
lar white fpots. The breaft, belly, and lower part of 

z the 


Delex 


“9.28 WOODCOCR. Clas Th 


the back are white: the coverts of the tail, and the 
tail itfelf, are of avery pale whitifh brown, crofled 
with black bars. The legs and feet are of a dull — 
green, and formed like thole of the curlew. 


Genus TI. WOODCOC KS. 


I The WOODCOC? 


La Beccafle. Below av. 272. Wald fchnepf. Kram. 351. 
Rufticola, feu Perdix ruftica ma- Scolopax rufticola. Liz. /j/t. 
jor (Groffer fchnepff.) Ge/ner 243. 


av. Sol. Morkulla. Faun. Suec. fp. 1706 
Aldr. av. iii, 182. Norvegis Blom-Rokke, Rutte, 
Wil. orn, 289. guibufdam Krog-quilt. Danis 
Raii fym, av. 104. Holt Sneppe. Brunaich 164. 


La Beccaffe. Brifonav.v.292. Br. Zool, 119. 
Beccaccia, Acceggia. Zaz. 101. 


HESE birds during fummer are inhabitants of 

the Alps *, of Norway, Sweden-+-, and the nor- 
thern parts of Europe: they all retire from thofe 
countries the beginning of winter,as foon as the frofts 
commence; which force them into milder climates, 
where the ground is open, and adapted to their man- 
ner of feeding. ‘They live on worms, which they 
fearch for with their long bills in foft ground and moiftt 
woods. Woedcocks generally arrive here in flocks, 
taking advantage of the night, or a milt: they foon 
feparate; but before they return to their native 


* Wil. orn. 290. 
+ M. ae Geer’sand Dr. Wallerias’s letters to my felf, 


haunts, 


Shs. WOODCOCK. 349 


haunts, pair. They feed and fly by night; begin- 
ning their flight inthe evening, and return the fame 
way, or through the fame glades to their day retreat, 
They leave England the latter end of February, or be- 
ginning of March; not but they have been known to 
continue here. In Ca/e-wood, about two miles from 
Tunbridge, a few breed almoft annually: the young 
having been fhot there the beginning of Augu/t, and 
were as healthy and vigorous as they are with us in 
the winter, but not fo well tafted: a female with ege 
_was fhot in that neighborhood in April; the egg was 
the fize of that of a pigeon. 

In the fame manner we know they quit France, 
Germany and Italy; making the northern and cold 
fituations their general fummer rendezvous. ‘They 
vifit Burgundy the, latter end of Oober, but continue 
there only four or five weeks ; it being a dry country 
they are forced away for want of fultenance by the 
‘firft frofts. In the winter they are found in vatt 
plenty as far fouth as Smyrua and Aleppo *, and in the 
fame feafon in Barbary +, where the 4fricans call them, 
the a/s of the partridge: and we have been told, 
that fome have appeared as far fouth as Zgypt, which 
are the remoteft migrations we can trace them to on 
that fide the eaftern world ; on the other fide, they 
are found very common in Yapan [. The birds that 
refort into the countries of the Levant, probably 
come from the deferts of Siberia or Tartary|,-or the 


* Ruffel’s biff. Alegpo. 64. 

+ Shaw's travels, 25a. 

{ Kempfer’s bit, Fapan, i129. 
| Ball's travels, i. ¥g8. * 


z2 cold 


Defer. 


386 WOODCOCK. Clas If. 


eold mountains of Armenia. It is faid that woodcocks 
are unknown in North America. ‘Thisis certain, that 
the bird which Law/on diftinguithes by that name, in 
his account of Carolina *, is the red-breafted godwit : 
and Mr. Bazks has affured us, that they are never 
met with in Newfoundland. 

The weight of the woodcock is ufually about twelve 
ounces: the length near fourteen inches: the breadth: 
twenty-fix: the bill is three inches Jong, dufky to- 
wards the end, reddifh at the bafe : the eye large, and 
placed near the top of the head, as Mr. Willoughby 
obferves, that they may not be injured when the bird 
thrufts its bill intothe ground: frorn the bill to the 
eyes is a black line: fie forehead is of a reddifh afh- 
color: the crown of the head, the hind part of the 
neck, the back, the coverts of the wings, and the 
fcapulars, are irregularly barred with a ferrugincus 
red, black and grey ; but on the head the Hack pre- 
dominates: the quil-feathers are dufky, indented: 
with red marks: the chin is of a pale yellow: the 
whole underfide of the body is of a dirty white,. 
marked with numerous tranfverfe lines of a dufky 
color. ‘Fhe tail confifts of twelve feathers, dufky 
on the one web, and marked with red on the other: 
the tips above are afh-colored, below white; which, 
when fhooting on the ground was invogue, wasthe fen! 
the fowler difcovered the birds by. The legs and toes. 
are livid; the latter divided to their very origin; as 
are thofe of the two {pecies of fnipes found in England. 

* P. 1309 


oye 


Il, The 


Clafs Il. SO DW ET 354, 


Mo fhes:Gr Oi. Bewi br. 


Godwit, Yarwhelp, or Yarwip. Limofa grifea major. 


Wil. orn. 290. La grande Barge grife. Bri/on avs 
Raii fyn. av. 105. V. 272. tab. 24. fig. 2. 
Scolopax zgocephala. Liz. fff. Br. Zool. 120. tab. 

246. 


“ Bevus fpecies weighs twelve ounces and a half; Delcs, 
the length is fixteen inches ; the breadth twenty- 
feven; the bill is four inches long, black at the end, 
the reft a pale purple: from the bill to the eye is a 
broad white ftroke: the feathers of the head, neck, 
and back, are of a light reddifh brown, marked in 
the middle with a dufky fpot: the belly and vent 
feathers white: the tail regularly barred with black 
and white: the fix firft quil-feathers are black ; their 
interior edges of a reddifh brown: the legs in fome 
are dufky, in others of a greyifh blue ; which perhaps 
may be owing to different ages: the exterior toe is 
connected as far as the firft joint of the middle toe, 
with a {trong ferrated membrane. The male is dif- 
tinguifhed from the female by fome black lines on 
the breaft and throat; which in the female are 
wanting. ! 

Thefe birds are taken in the fens, in the fame fea- 
fon, and in the fame manner with the ruffs and reeves, 
and when fattened are efteemed a great delicacy, and 
fell for five fhillings a piece: they appear in finall 
flocks on our coaft in September, and continue with 
us the whole winter; they walk on the open fands 
dike the curlew; and feed on infects, 


Z 3 M. Briffow 


yr) GOD WT Ff. Clafs 11, 
M. Briffon has figured this bird very accurately, 
but has given it the fynonym of our green/banks: 
Turner feems to fufpect this bird to have been the 
attagen or attagas of the antients, but on a very flight 
‘foundation. Ariltophanes happens to name it in an 
addrefs to the birds that inhabite the fens; therefore 
fome commentators conclude it to be a water-fowl ; 
though in a line or two after he fpeaks of thole that 
frequent the beautiful meadows of Maraibon. He. 
then defcribes the bird in very ftriking terms, under 
the title of the attagas, ibe bird. with painted wings ; 
and in another place he ftyles it the /potted attagas *. 
This alone would be infufficient to prove what fpe- 
cies the poet intended; we muft therefore have re- 
courfe to Atheneus, who is particular in his defcrip- 
tion of the attagas, and evinces it to be of the par- 
tridge tribe. | 

He fays it is lefs than that bird; that the back is 
fpotted with different colors, fome of a pot color, but 
more red; that by reafon of the fhortnefs of the wings 
and heavinefs of the body, ic is taken eafily by the 
fowlers. Uhat it roils in the duft, brings many young, ’ 
and feeds on feeds, 

We are forry to own our fmall acquaintance with 
the zoology of Africa, confidering the various oppor- 
tunities our countrymen have had of informing 
themfelves of it. We therefore cannot pronounce, 
that the e/tagas ftill exifts on the plains of Marathon; 


arey o \ 
® “Oons Te TicgorresHiAGs 
aTTAYAS. 


7° 


/ ‘ : 
Asrayes etGe mag nusy ToImiAG xenAqceTas- Az, 249. 7626 


| | bug 


Clafs 11. RED GODWIT. 353 


but we difcover it in Samos, an ifland of Jonia, a coun- 
try celebrated by the antients for producing the fineft 
kinds: 


Inter fapores fertur alitum primus 
Lonicarum gullus ‘attagenarum, 


Is the opinion of Martial *, and Horace +, and Pliny ¢, 
both fpeak of it with applaufe.  Tournefort § has 
given us the figure of the bird itfelf, which he found 
in the marfbes of Samos, whofe painted and {potted 
plumage exadtly anfwers the defcriptions of Avi/fo- 
poanes and Atheneus. It is of the partridge genus, 
and known to the Jtalanus by the name of Francolino. 
Thofe who wih to fee it in its proper colors, and to be 
{atisfied how well they agree with the defcriptions of 
the antients, need only confult the 246th plate of the 
works of our ingenious friend Mr. Edwards. 


Hi The RED GOD WIT, 


Scolopax Lapponica. Lin. f/f. Faun. Succ. /. 17 40 
240. Er. Zoof, add. plates, 


HE red godwit is fuperior in fize to the com- Der, 
mon kind : the bill is three inches three-quarters 
fong; not quite ftrait, but a little reflected upwards ; 
the lower half black, the upper yellow: the head, 
neck, breaft, fides, fcapulars, and upper part of the 


P Epic, abe xuie ED. 6t. 
+ Epod. 31. 
BLOX, “G18. 

4 Foy. v9}. i. 311. gto. ed. 


wl 

AP 
i 
7, 
2 


354 RED GODWIT.  Clats Ik 


back, are of a bright ferruginous color: the head 
_ marked with oblong dufky lines: the neck is plain: 
the breaft, fides, fcapulars, and back varied with 
tran{verfe black bars, and the edges of the feathers 
with a pale cinereous brown: the middle of the belly 
is white, marked fparingly with fimilar fpots: the 
Jeffer coverts of the wings are of a light brown: the 
greater tipt with white: the thafts and lower interior 
wets of the greater quil-feathers are white: the ex- 
terior webs and upper part of the interior black: the 
upper half of the fecondary feathers are of the fame 
color; the lower half white: the coverts, and the 
lower part of the feathers of the tail are white; the 
upper part black; the white gradually leffening from 
the outmoft feathers on each fide: the legs are black, 
_ and four inches long : and the thighs above the knees 
are naked for the fpace of an inch and threes 
quarters. 

Thefe birds vary in their colors, fome that we have 
feen being very flightly marked with red, or only 
marbled with it on the breaft: but the reflected form 
of the bill is ever fufficient to determine the fpecies, 
This is not a very common {fpecies in England; we 
have known it to have been fhot near Hui; and have 
once met with it in a poulterer’s fhop in London. Mr, 
Edwards has figured a bird from Hud/on’s Bay, that 
feems related to this ; but the difference in the colors 
of the tail, forbids our placing it among the fyno- 
nyms. And Linnzus omitting a defcription of that 
part, in his Fauna Suecica obliges us to queftion 
whether it be the fame with the above, 


IV. The 


Clasll LESSER GODWIT. 355 


IV.:The LESSER GODWIHIT. 


La Barge. Be/on av.205. Fedoa noftra fecunda, the ftone 

The fecond fort of Godwit, the Plover. Raii/jn. av. 105. 
Totanus of Aldrowand; called Limo‘a, la Barge. Briffon av. vs 

_ at Venice, Vetola. Wil. orn. 262. 

293- Br. Zool. 120. 


R. Ray (for we are not acquainted with this 
. fpecies) defcribes it thus. Its weight is nine 
ounces; the length to the tail feventeen inches; to 
the toes twenty-one ; its breadth twenty-eight: the 
billlike that of the former: the chin white, tinged 
with red: the neck ath-colored; the head of a deep 
afh-color, whitifh about the eye ; the back of a uni- 
form brownnefs, not fpotted like that of the preceding: 
the rump encompaffed with a white ring: the two 
middle feathers of the tail black ; the ourmoft, efpe- 
cially on the outfide web, white almoft to the tips ; 
in the reft the white part grew lefs and lefs to the mid- 
dlemoft. , 

Befides thefe, Mr. Willoughby mentions a third 
fpecies, called in Cornwal the Stone Curlew ; but det= 
cribes it no farther than faying it has a fhorter and 
flenderer bill than the preceding. 


V. The 


Delery 


Deler. 


356 GREEN SHANK. Chl 


V. The GREEN SHANK. 


Limofa, et glottis. Ge/ner av. Scolopax glottis. Liz. /yf. 246e 


519, 520. Glut. Faun. Suec. fp. 171. 
Piviero. Aldr. av, lil. 207. Pivier Maggiore. Ziman. 102. 
Greater Plover of Aldrovand. Norvegis Hoeft-Fugl. 167. Brun- 

Wil orn. 298. © nich. 

Raii fyn. av. 106. Br. Zool, 121. 


HESE birds are not focommonas the former: 
appearing on our coafts and wet grounds in the 
winter time in fmall flocks. The length to the end of 
the tail is fourteen inches, to that of the toes twenty 5 
its breadth twenty-five. The bill is two inches and a, 
half long : the upper mandible black, ftrait and very 
fender + the lower refleéts a little upwards: the head 
and upper part of the neck are afh-colored, marked 
with {mall dufky lines pointing down: over each eye 
pafles a white line: the coverts of the wings, the fca~ 
pulars, and upper part of the back are of a brownifh 
afh-color: the quil-feathers dufky, but the inner webs 
fpeckied with white: the breaft, belly, thighs, and 
Jower part of the back are white: the tail white, 
marked with undulated duiky bars : the inner coverts 
of the wings finely croffed with double and treble. 
rows of a dufky color. 

It is a bird of an elegant fhape, and fmall weight 
in proportion to its dimenfions, weighing only fix 
gunces. 

he legs are very long and flender, bare above 
two inches hi - thaa-the knees. ‘The exterior toe 
is united to the middle toe, as far as the fecond joint, 


3 by . 


<iafs tl, SPOTTED REDSHANK. 357 


by a ftrong membrane which borders their fides to 
the very end. . 

Thefe birds are the Chevaliers aux pieds verds of the 
French ; as the following are the. Chevaliers aux pieds 


VOUS ES « 


VI. The SPOTTED*® REDSHANK; 


Be chevalier rouge, Pelox. av. TheotherTotano. Worn. 299, 
207. Le Chevalier rouge. Briffon ay, 


fldr. av. ti, P71 eS pt A naretatpy | 


HIS fpecies we found in the colle&tion of 
= Taylor White, Efg; in fize it is equal to the 
preceding: the head is of a pale afh-color, marked 
with oblong ftreaks of black; the back dufky, varied 
with triangular fpots of white: the coverts of the 
wings afh-colored, {potted in the fame manner: the 
quil feathers'dufky ; breaft, belly, and thighs white, 
“the firft thinly {potted with black : the middle feathers 
of the tail are afh-colored; the fide feathers are 
whitifh, barred with black: the legs very long, and 
- pf a bright red, 


VIL. The 


Defer, 


RCRA fT devs 


Clafs Ii, 


Vil. The SN IP 


Ya Becaffine ou Becafleau. Belon 
Av. 215. : 

Gallinago, feu rufticola minor. 
Gejner av. 503. 

Aldr. av. ii. 184. 

The Snipe, or Snite. Wi). orn. 
290+ 

Raii fn. av. 105. 

Ia Beccafline. Briffn av, v. 
298. tab. 26. jig. 1. 


Zinan. 


Moofs fchnepf. Kram. 352. 
Scolopax gallinago. Liz. /jjft, 


244. 
Horfgjok. Faun. Suec. fp. 173. 
Capella coeleftis. Klein av..100. 
Ifandis Myr Snippes Norvegis 

Trold Ruke. Cimbris guibu/d. 

Hoflegioeg. Danis Dobbelt 

Sneppe, Steen Sneppe. Bra 

160. 

Br. Zool. 121, 


Pizzarda, Pizzardella. 
IOI. 


N the winter time fnipes are very frequent in all 

our marfhy and wet grounds, where they lie con- 
cealed in the rufhes, fc; In the fummer they difperfe 
to different parts, and are found in the midft of our 
higheft mountains, as well as our low moors: their 
neft is made of dried grafs; they lay four eggs of a 
dirty olive color, marked with dufky fpots; their 
young are fo often found in England, that we doubg¢ 
whether they ever entirely leave this ifland. When 
they are difturbed much, particularly in the breed~ 
ing feafon, they foar to avai{t height, making a fingu- 
Jar bleating noife; and when they defcend, dare 
down with vaft rapidity : it is alfo amufing to ob- 
ferve the cock (while his mate fits on her eggs) poife 
himfelf on his wings, making fometimes a whittling 
and fometimes a drumming noife. Their foodis the 
fame with that of the woodcock ; their flight very ~ 
irreoular and fwift; and attended with a fhrill fcream, 


Defer, This fpecies weighs four ounces; the length, to the 
end 


Clafs I. JACKSNIPE; 559 
end of the tail, is near twelve inches: the breadth 
about fourteen: the bill is three inches long, of 2 
dufky color: the head is divided lengthways with four 
black lines, and three of red, one of the laft paffing 
over the middle of the head, and one above each eyez 
between the bill and the eyes is a dufky line: the chin 
is white: the neck is varied with brown and red: 
. the fcapulars are beautifully ftriped lengthways with 
black and yellow: the quil-feathers are dufky,. but 
the edge of the firft is white, as are the tips of the 
’ fecondary feathers: the quil-feathers next the back are 
barred with black and pale red: the breaft and belly 
_are white: the coverts of the tail are long, and almoft 
conceal it; they are red barred with black : the tait 
is dusky, marked with ruft-color and tipt with white, 
‘The legs of a pale green. 


VWI Dhe PACK SNIPE, 


Gid, Jack{nipe, and Judcock. Pizzardina. Zivan. tot. 


Wil. orn. 291. Scolopax gallinula. Lin. fig 
Raii fin. av. 105. (244. 
dua petite Beccafline. Brifon aw. Danis Roer-Sneppe.Brunnich163- 
Ve 303. tab. 26. fiz. 2. Br. Zool. i216 


is ila haunts and food of this fpecies are the fame 
with thofe of the former. It is much lefs fre- 
quent among us, and very difficult to be found, 
fying fo clofe as to hazard being trod on, before it 
will rife: the flight is never diftant, and its motion is 
more flugeifh than that of the larger kind. 

3 2 Its 


Defer. 


‘360 LAPWING: Clafs If, 


Its weight is lefs than two ounces, inferior by half 


.to that of the fnipe; for which reafon the French 


call them deux pour un, we the half fnipe. The 
dimenfions bear not the fame proportion; the length 
of the fnipe being thirteen inches; this ten. The 
crown of the head is black, tinged with ruf color; 
over each eye is a yellow ftroke; the neck varied 
with white, brown and pale red. ‘The fcapular fea- 
thers narrow, brown, bordered with yellow. The 
rump a gloffy bluifh purple: the belly white; the 
greater quil-feathers dufky : the tail feathers brown, 
edged with tawny: the legs of an afh-colored green. 


Genus IV. SANDPIPERS*, 


The ho we NN Ge 


Le Vanneav, Dixhuit, Papechieu. av. v. g4. tab. 8: fig. 1. 


Belon aw. 209. Raii fin. av. 110. 
Zweiel. Ge/ver av. 765. Kiwik. Kram. 353. 
Pavonzino. Aldr. av. 1.202.  Tiingavanellus, Lin. fff. 248. 
Pavoncellas Olina 21. Wipa, Kowipa, Blecka. Faaa 
Lapwing, baftard Plover, or Suec, fp. 176. 

Pewit. Wil. orn. 307. Danis Vibe, Kivit. Brunnich 17, 


Vanellus, le Vanneau. Brifon Br. Zool. 122. tab. 


FA HIS elegant fpecies inhabites moft of the heaths 

and marfhy grounds of this ifland. I: lays 
four eggs, making a flight neft with a few bents. 
The eggs have an clive caft, and are fpotted with 


* This genus, the Tringe of Linneus, wanting an Exgli/b name, 
we have givemit that of the Sandszpers; moft of the fpecies veing 
sonverfan: about fhores ; and their-note whiltling or pipyng. 


black. 


Chel. LAP WING. 38: 


black. It is worthy of notice, that among water 
fowl], congenerous birds lay the fame number of eggs; 
for example, all of this tribe, alfo of the plovers, 
Jay four a-piece; the puffin genus only one ; and the 
duck tribe, in general, are numerous layers, pro- 
ducing from eight to twenty. 

The young as foon as hatehed, run like chickens ¢ 
the parents fhew remarkable folicitude for them, 
flying with great anxiety and clamour near them, 
ftriking at either men or dogs that approach, and 
often flutter along the ground lke a wounded bird, 
to a confiderable diftance from their neft, to elude 
their purfuers; and to aid the deceit, become more 
¢clamorous when moft remote from it: the eggs are 

held in great efteem for their delicacy; and are fold 

by the Loudon poulterers for three fhillings the dozen.’ 
In winter, lapwings join in vaft flocks; but at that 
feafon are very wild: their flefh is very good, their 
food being infects and worms. 

Their weight is about eight ounces: the leneth 
thirteen inches and a half: the breadth two feet and 
a half. The bill is black, and little more than an 
inch long : the crown of the head of a fhining black- 
ne{fs: the creft of the fame color, confifting of about 
twenty {lender unwebbed feathers of unequal lengths, 
the longeft are four inches: the cheeks and fides of the 
neck are white; but beneath each eye is a black line: 
the throat and fore part of the neck are black : the 
plumage on the hind part mixed with white, afh- 
color and red: the back and {capulars are of a moft 
elegant gloffy green ; and the latter finely varied with 
purple: the lefler covert feathers of the wings are of 

a 


~ 


Deferi 


gee «= Cs GREW PLOVER: ciaGth 


Defcr. 


a refplendent black blue and green : the greater quil- 

feathers black, but the ends of the four firft are 
marked with a white {pot : the upper half of the leffer 
quil-feathers are black, the lower white: thofe next 


the body of the fame colors with the fcapulars: the 


breaft and belly are white: the vent-feathers and the 
‘coverts of the tail orange color: the tail confifts of 
twelve feathers; the outmoft on each fide is white, 
marked on the upper end of the inner web with a 
dufky fpot; the upper half of all the others are black, 
tipt with a dirty white; their lower half of a pure 
white : the legs are red: the irides hazel. 

The female is rather lefs than the male. 

Merrei, inhis Pinax, p. 182: fays, that there is in 
Cornwal a bird related to this; but lefs than a thrufhg 
having blue feathers; and a long creft. 


ll The GREY PLOVER; 


Le ptavier gris. Belox av. 262. Vannellus grifeus, le Vannea 


Pivier montano. A/dr, av, iii. gris. Briffoz av. V. 100. tabe 
207. Q. fig. Ie 

Wil. orn. 309. Piviero montano. Zinan. 102. 

Raii fyn. av. W11- Bornholmis Floyte-Tyten,Dolkens 

Tringa {quatarola. Lin. fyft. 252. Brunnich +76. 

Faun. Suec. Jp. 186. Br. Zool. 122. 


T weighs feven ounces: the length to the tip of 
the tail is twelve inches : the breadth twenty-four: 
the bill black, about an inch long; the head, back, 
and coverts of the wings black, edged with greenifh 
afh-color, and fome white: the cheeks and throat 
white, marked with oblong dufky fpots: the belly 
and 


Clafs IT. RO Por 363 
and thiglis white: the exterior webs of the quil- 
feathers black : the lower part of the interior webs of 
the four firft white : the rump white: the tail mark- 
ed with tranfverfe bars of black and white: the legs 
of a dirty green: the back toe very fmall. 

Thefé appear in fmall flocks in the winter time, 
but are not very common: their flefh is very de- 
licate. 


TW ine oR be ie 


Avis pugnax. Aldr. av. iii. 167. Le Combattant, ou Paon de mer: 


Wil. ort. 302. Briffan av. Vi 240. tab. 22. 
Raii fyn. av. 107. Danis Bruufhane. SBrunnich 
Krofsler. Kram. 352. 168. 


Tringa pugnax. Lin. fpf. 247. Br. Zool. 123. 
Brufhane. Faun. Suec. /p. 176: 


FEAHE males, or Ruffs, afflume fuch variety of 

colors in feveral parts of their plumage, that 

it is fcarce poffible to fee two alike; but the great 
leneth of the feathers on the neck, that gives name to 
them, at once diftinguithes thefe from all other birds. 
On the back of their necks is a fingular tuft of fea- 
thers fpreading wide on both fides. Thefe, and the 
former, in fome are black ; in others white, yellow; 
or ferruginous; but-this tuft and the ruffs always dif- 
fer in colors in the fame bird. The feathers that 
bear an uniformity of coloring through each indivi- 
dual of this fex, are the coverts of the wings, which 
are brown inclining to afh-color: the feathers on the 
_breaft, which are black or dufky : the four exterior 
Aa feathers 


Defer, 


feathers of the tail, which are of a cinereous browns, 
and the four middle, which are barred with black and. 
brown. , The legs in all, are yellow ; the young birds. 
are often miftaken for a new fpecies of Tringa, but 
may be eafily known by theabove notes. In moult- 
ing, they lofe for a while the character of the long 
neck-feathers ; but a fet of {mall pimples, which at 
that feafon break out above the bill, forms another. 
The Reeves, or females, are faid never to change their 
colors ; which are brown, {potted in fome parts with 
white, or afh-color: and the legs of thofe we re- 
ceived out of the Fens were dusky. They are lefs 
than the males, which weigh between five and fix 
ounces. | | 
‘Thefe birds are found in Lincolnfbire, the Ile of Ely, 
and in the eaft riding of York/bire, where they are 
taken in nets, and fattened for the table, with bread 
and milk, hempfeed, and fometimes with boiled 
wheat; but if expedition is required, fugar is added, 
which will make them ina fortnight’s time a lump of 
fat: they then fell for two fhillings or halfa crown a 
piece. Judgement is required in taking the proper 
time for killing them, when they are at the higheft 
pitch of fatnefs, for if that is neglected, the birds are 
apt to fall away. The method of killing them is by 
cutting off their head with a pair of fciffars: the quan- 
tity of blood that iffues is very great, confidering the 
fize of the bird. They are dreffed like the woodcock, 
with their inteftines; and, when killed at the critical 
time, are reckoned the moft delicious of all morfels. 
Fhe Refs are fo. addicted to fighting, thatthe feeders 
are 


Clafs II. RU es RK 64 


are obliged to fhut them ina dark room, for they will 
attack one another the moment light is admitted, and 
never defift till they are all demolifhed, The fow- 
Jers avoid taking the Reeves, not only becaufe they 
are fmaller than the males, but they chufe to leave 
them to breed. They lay four eggs in a tuft of grafs, 
beginning to lay the firft week in May, and fit about 
a month ; the eggs are whitith, thinly marked with 
deep ferruginous fpots. Ruffs and Reeves are birds 
of paffage, coming into the Fevs the latter end of 
April, and difappearing about Michaelmas. Thefe 
birds are taken by the fen fowlers, in nets that are 
about forty yards long, and feven or eight feet high. 
Thefe are fupported by fticks at an angle of near forty- 


_ five degrees, and placed either on dry ground, or in 
very fhallow water, not remote from the reeds, a- 


mong which the fowler conceals himéelf, till the birds, 
enticed by a ftale or ftuffed bird, come under the 
nets; he then, by pulling a ftring, lets them fall. 
Godwits and knots are taken in the fame man- 
her, only the fale is made of a bird of the fame 
ipecies: 


Aa’ a TV. The 


Defer. 


\ 


ab6 CNo Th, Clafs II) 


PVE ine, he NOs ade 


Wil. orn. 402. Tflandis Sidlingar-Kall. Norvegis 


Rait fyn. av. 108. Fizre-Pift. Fier-Kurv, Fier- 
Edw. av. 276. Muus. Bornholmis Rytteren. 
Le Canut. Briffen av. v. 258. Brunnich Tringa maritima. 
Tringa canutus. Liz. /jyf. 25%. 182. 
Faun. Suec. fp. 183. Br. Zool. 123 


differ a little in colors, both from 
Mr. Willoughby’s defcription, and from Mr. Edwards's 
ficure: the forehead, chin, and lower part of the 
neck in ours were brown, inclining: to afh-color : the 
back and fcapulars deep brown, edged with afh-color: 
the coverts of the wings with white, the edges of the 
lower order deeply fo, forming a white bar: the 
breaft, fides, and belly white; the two firft ftreaked 
with brown: the coverts of the tail marked with 
white and dufky fpots alternately: the tail afh-colored, 
the outmoft feather on each fide white: the legs were 
of a bluifh grey; and the toes, asa fpecial mark, 
divided to the very bottom: the weight four ounces 
and a half, | 
Thefe birds frequent our coafts in the winter; inthe 
fummer they are taken with the ruffs in the eaftern 
parts of the Z/y Feas; and when fattened, are pre- 
ferred by fome to the Ruffs themfelves. Camden* fays 
they derive their name from king'Canute, Knute, or 
Kzeut, as he is fometimes cailed; probably becaufe 


oe fpecimens that we had opportunity of ex- 
amining, 


* Camden Brit. O71. 


they 


Clafst1l. ASH-COLORED SANDPIPER. 367 


they were a favorite difh with that monarch. We 
know that he kept the feaft of the purification of the 
Virgin Mary with great pomp and magnificence at 
Ely, and this being one of the fen birds, it ismot un- 
likely but he met with it there*. Shake/pear in his 
Otbello, {peaking of Roderigo (if Mr. Theobala’s read- 
ing is juft) makes the Knot an emblem of a dupe. 


¢¢ T have rubb’d this young Avot almolt to the fenfe; 
« And he grows angry. Othelio. 


Y. The ASH-COLORED SANDPIPER. 


Tringa cinerea. Braznich ernith. Br. Zool. 124, 
Bo 


fi ONE fpecies weighs five ounces: the length is 
ten inches: the breadth nineteen: the head is 
of a brownifh afh-color, fpotted with black: the 
whole neck afh-color, marked with dufky oblong 
ftreaks: the back and coverts of the wings elegantly 
varied with concentric femicircles of afh-color, black 
and white: the coverts of the tail barred with: black 
and white: the tail afh-colored, edged with white: 
the breaft and belly of a pure white: the legs of a 
greenifh black: the toes bordered with a. narrow 
membrane, finely f:olloped. 

Theile birds appear on the fhotes of Prxsdire, in 
the winter time, in large focks 


* Duglale on embanking, 15 


Aa Vi. The 


Bay 


Defer. 


268 REDSHANK. 7. Chiadt 


Visi Thee R ED'S iF AVN Ys. 


Gallinula erythrepus. Gc/xer av. Scolopax Calidris. Lin. ff. 245- 


504- Sc. Totanus, Faun. Suec. Jp. 167+ 
Totanus. A/dr. av. iii. 171. -Rothfufsler. Kram. 351%. 
Redthank, or Pool-fnipe. #7/. Hoemantopus, magnitudine inter 

orn. 299: Vanellum et Gallinaginem 
Pau fins av. 107. minorem media. Ray’s itin. 

ctanus, le Chevalier, Bape {ie Daye 


av. V. 188. tab, 17. fig. i Br. Zool, 124. 


7 HIS fpecies is found on moft of our fhores: in 
He the winter time it conceals itfelf in the cutters; 
and is generally found fingle, or at moft in pair. 

It weighs five ounces and a half: the length is 
twelve inches: the breadth twenty-one: the bill near 
two inches long, red atthe bafe, black towards the 
point. ‘The head, hind part of the neck,. and fcapu- 
lars, are of a dusky afh-cojor, obfcurely fpotted with 
black : the back is white, iprinkled with black fpots : 
the tail elegantly barred with black and white: the 
cheeks, underfide of the neck, and upper part of 
the breaft are white, ftreaked downward with dusky 
lines: the belly white: theexterior webs of the quil- 
feathers are dusky : the legs long, and of a fine bright 
orange color. It breeds, as Mr. Ray obierves, in the 
marfhes; and flies round its neft when difturbed, 
making a noife like a /apwing. It lays four eggs, 
ae tinged with olive, marked with irregular 
{pots of ehiace chiefly on the thicker end. 


VII. The 


Clafs if. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. 269 © 


Vil. The; SPOTTED, SANDPIPER. 


Spotted ‘T'singa. Edw av..277. Tringa .macularia. Lin, fy. 
Turdus aquaticus, la Grive 249. 
aan. Briffin av. V. 255. Br, Zosl. 124. 


EAHIS bird is common to Europe and America ; 
according to Mr. £dwards’s figure, it is lefs 

than the preceding. 
The bill is of the fame colors with that of the 
red-fhank: the head, upper pert of the neck, the 
back and coverts of the wings, are brown inclining to 
olive, and marked with triangular black fpots: above 
each eye is a white line: the greater quil-feathers are 
wholly black, the leffer tipt with white: the mid- 
dle feathers of the tail are brown: the fide feathers 
white, marked with dusky lines: the whole under 
fide, from neck to tail, is white marked with dusky 
{pots: the female has none of thefe {pots, except 
on the throat: the legs of a dusky fleth color. 
Mr. Edwards imagines thefe to be birds of paffage ; 


the bird he toke his defcription from was thot 


in Effex. 
VIM The BLACK SPOTTED:SANDPIPER, 


i fTR. Belton favored us with a defcription of this 

VE {pecies fhot in Livcolnfoire. 
lc was the fize of athrufh : the beak fhort, blunt 
at the point and dufky: the noftrils black: the 
| AY aaa irides 


Defer. 


Defer, 


340 TURNSTONE. — Clafe Il, 


irides yellow: the head fmall and flatted at top: the 
color white, moft elegantly fpotted with grey: the 
neck, fhoulders and back mottled in the fame man- 
ner, but darker, being tinged with brown; in fome - 
lichts thefe parts appeared of a perfect black and 
glofiy: the wings were long: the quil-feathers 
black, croffed near their bafe with a white line: the 
throat, breaft and belly white, with faint brown and 
black fpots of a longifh form, irregularly difperfed ; 
but on the belly become larger and more round; the 
tail fhort, entirely white, except the two middle 
feathers, which are black: the legs long and flender, 
and of a reddifh brown color. 


IX. The TURNSTONE, 


Turnftene, or Sea Dottrel. Wi/. La. Coulon-chaud, Arenaria. 


aL Briffon av. V. 132. 
Cat. Carol. i. 72. Tringa Morinellus. Zzz. jy. 
Morinellus Marinus. Raii /yn. 249. 
av. 112. Br. Zool. 125, 


VELIS {pecies is about the fize of a ibe the 

_ bill is aninch in length, a little prominent on the 
top; is very ftrong nace at the tip, and at the bafe 
whitifh: the fcned and throat are afh-colored: the 
head, whole neck and coverts of the wings are of a 
deep brown, edged with a pale reddifh brown: the 
icapular feathers are of the fame color, very long, 
and cover the back: that and the rump are white, 
the laft mai arked with a large triangular black fpot ; 


the 


3 


Casi. TURNSTONE, 371 


the tail confifts of twelve feathers, their lower half is 
white, the upper black, and the tips white: the quil- 
feathers are dusky, but from the third or fourththe 
bottoms are white, which continually increafes, till 
from about the nineteenth the feathers are entirely of 
that color: the legs are fhort and of an orange 
color. | 

Thefe birds take their name from their method of 
fearching for food, by turning up fmall ftones with 
their ftrong bills to get at the infects that lurk under 
them. The bird we toke our defcription from was 
fhot in Shropfbire. Mr. Ray obferved them flying 
three or four in company on the coafts of Cornwal and 
Merionethfhive: and Sir Ihomas Brown of Norwich 
difcovered them on the coaft of Norfolk; com- 
municating the picture of one to Mr. Ray, with the 
name of Morinellus marinus, or fea dottrel. Linneus 
fuppofes the Yringa inierpres to be this bird, but 
we believe his fpecies is not to be found on our 
coatts. 


+ 
4 
ol 
= 
~~ 
% 


Defer. 


372 GREEN SANDPIPER.  Clafs If. 


X. The GREEN SANDPIPER. 


Cinelus. Bex av. 216. Faun, Suec. fp. 180. — 
Gallinz aquatice fecunda fpecies Le Beccaffeau ou Cul-blanc, 


de nov. adjett. Gefuer av. Tringa. ae QU. Ve 1776 


Sire. tab, 16. fige I 
-Giarolo, Gearoncello. Alar. av. Janis Horle- Gioeg. Ilandis 
iii. 185. Hroflagaukr. Norvegis Skodde 
The Tringa of Ald ovand. Wil. Foll, Skodde- Fogl. Jord- 
orn. 300. geed. Makkre-Gouk, Res 
Raii fyn. av. 108. Jouke. Brunntch 183. 


Tiinga ochropus. Lin. ff. 251. Br. Zool. 125. 


HIS beautiful fpecies is not very common in 
thefe kingdoms. The head and hind part of 

the neck are of a brownifh afh-color, ftreaked with 
white ; the under part mottled with brown and white: 
the back, {capulars, and covert of the wings are of a 
dusky green, gloffy and refplendent as filk, and €le- 
gantly marked with fmall white fpots: the leffer 


quil-feathers of the fame colors: the under fides of | 


the wings are black, marked with numerous white 
lines, pointing obliquely from the edges of the feather 
to the fhaft, repreienting the letter V. the rump is 
white; the tail of the fame color: the firft feather 
plain, the fecond marked near the end with one black 
foor, the third and fourth with two, the fifth with 
plan and the fixth with four. 

Except.in pairing time, it is 4 folitary bird: it is 
never found-near the fea; but frequents rivers, lakes, 
and other frefh waters. In France it is highly 
efteemed for its celicate tafte; and is taken with 
limed twigs placed near its haunts. | 


Me. 


Clafs I. SANDPIPER. 393 


Mr, Fleifcher favored us with a bird from Denmark, 
which in albrefpects refembled this, except thatthe {pots 
were of apale ruit color, Linneus defcribes it under 

athe title of Tringa littorea, haun. Suec. fp. 185. but 
we believe it does not differ fpecifically from that 
above defcribed. 


Xe Phe St ON IN Dees 


Gallinula hypoleucos (Fyfteilin.) Snappa, Strandfittare, Fane, 


Gefner av. 509. | Succ. fp. 182. 
fie AU. ill, 182. Guineita, la Guignette. Briffa 

Vil. orn. 361. au. Vv. 183. fab. 16. fig. 1. 
ea av 108. Norvegis der lille Myritikisel, 
Sandlaufterl, Kram.353. . Bit abiinaViricn, Brunnico 74. 
‘Tringa hypoleucos, Lia. ff. Br. Zool. 125. 

250- 


ais 1S fpecies agrees with the former in its man- 
‘ners and haunts; but is more common: its 
note is louder and more piping than others of this 
genus. Its weight is about two ounces: the headis 
brown, ftreaked with downward black lines; the 
neck an obfcure afh-color: the back and covert of the 
wings brown, mixed with a elofly green, elegantly 
marked with tranfverfe dufky lines: over each eye is 
a white ftroke: the breaft and belly are of a pure. 
white: the quil-feathers are brown, the firft entirely 
fo, the nine next marked on the inner web with a 
white {pot : the middle feathers of the tail brown ¢) 
the exterior tipt with white: the legs of a dull pale 
green, | 


sicre 


XII. The 


Defer. 


374 ORE RRS Clafs Il. 


XIL The DUNLIN. 


Wil. orn. 205+ fon AY. 309+ 

Raii yn. av. 109. Danis Dom{neppe, Ryle. Bruns 
Tringa alpina. Liz. ff. 249. HCP 167. 86 Wa Fah 
Faun. Suec. fp. 181. Br. Zool, 126. tab. fig. 2+ 


La Beecafline d’Angleterre. Bri/- 


NHIS fpecies is at once diftinguifhed from the 
others by the fingularity of its colors. The 
back, head, and upper part of the neck are ferru- 


-ginous, marked with large black fpots: the coverts 


of the wings afh-color: the belly white, marked 
with large black fpots, or with a black crefcent 
pointing towards the thighs. In fize it is fuperior to 
that of alark. Thefe birds are found onour fea-coatts 
but may be reckoned among the more rare kinds. 
They lay four eggs of a dirty white color, blotched 
with brown round the thicker end,-and marked with 


a few fmall fpots of the fame color on the fmaller 
end. 


MMs) The. P Ree 


L’Allouette de Mer. Belz av. fyn. av. 110. 
213 N. Com, Petr. iv. 428. 
Cinch five Motacilla Maritima,. “’Allouette de Mer, Cinelus, 
Lysfklicker. mie av. 616. Briffin av. V 
Giarolo. Afar. av. ili. 188. fizot 


The Stint. 177/. orn. 305. Tringa cinclus. Liz, /yf. 261. 
Sunt, in Sufex the Ox-eye. Rati Br. Zool. 126, 


- 211. fab. 19, 


HIS bird is inferior in fize to the former. The 
head and hind part of the neck are afh-colored, 
marked with dusky lines: a-white firoke divides the 


bill 


Clafs II. By Uh Rr Ry 378 


bill and eyes: the chin white : underfide of the neck 
mottled with brown: the back is of a brownith afh- 
color: the breaft and belly white: the coverts of the 
wings and tail a dark brown, edged with light afh-< 
color or white: the greater coverts dusky, tipt with 
white: the upper part of the quil-feathers dusky, the 
lower white: the two middle feathers of the tail 
dusky, the reft ofa pale afh-color, edged with white: 
the legs of a dusky green; the toes divided to their 
origin, The bill an inch and a half long, flender and 
black ; irides dusky. 

Thefe birds come in prodigious flocks on our fea- 
coafts during the winter: in their flight they perform 
their evolutions with great regularity; appearing 
like a white, or like a dusky cloud, as they turn their 
backs or their breafts towards you. ‘They leave our 


_ fhores in fpring, and retire to fome unknown place to 
breed. 


Genus 


ind | SHR AB GE: Clafs Ife 


Genus V. PLOVERS:. 
£. The. S BoA Bll edie 


Lia Pie, Becafle de Mer. Belon Marfpitt, Strandfkjura. Fav 


av. 203. __ Suec. fp. 192. 
Hematopus. Ge/ner av. 548. Pica marina. Caiz oprfe. 62. 
Aldr. av. iii. 176. N. Com. Petr. iv. 425. 
Wil. orn, 297. Tirma, or Trilichan. Martia’s 
Raii fyn, av. 105+ voy. St. Kilda. 35. 
L’Huwier, Pie de mer. Brifoz Iflandis mas Tialldur, foemina 
av. v. 38. tab-3. Ag: ie Tilldra. Feroenfibus Kielder. 


The Oyfter Catcher. Cat, Carol. Norvegis 'Tield v. Kield, Glib, 


i. 85. Strand-Skiure. Danis Strand* 


Hoematopus oftralegus. Lin, /y/t. Skade. Brunnich. 189. 
257+ Br. Zool. 127. 


EA Pies are very common on moft of our coatts ; 
feeding on marine infects, limpets, &c. Their 
bills, which are compreffed fideways, and end ob- 
tufely, are very fit inftruments to infinuate between 
the limpet and the rock thofe fhells adhere to ; which 
they do with great dexterity to get at the fifh. On 
the coaft of France, whtre the tides recede fo far as to 


leave the becs of oyfters bare, thefe birds feed on — 


them; forcing the fhells open with their bills: They 
keep in fummer time in pairs, laying their eggs on 
the bare ground: they lay four of a whitifh brown 
hue, thinly {potted and ftriped with black : when any 
one approaches their young, they make a loud and 
fhrill noife. In winter they afflemble in vaft flocks, 
and are very wiid. Si 


This 


— 


Clafs II. Sip A PB. TR; 377 


This bird weighs fixteen ounces : the length, from Deter, 
the point of the bill to the end of the tail, feven- 
teen inches; to the end of the toes one inch more: 
the bill is three inches long, compreffed on the fides, 
and obtufe at the end, which makes Linuzus to com- 
pare it to a wedge: its color is a beautiful orange. 
The noftrils fhort and narrow: the tongue fcarce a 
third the length of the bill. The irides are of a fine 
crimfon : the edges of the eye-lids naked, and of a 
bright orange ; beneath the lower is a {pot of white. 
‘Thehead, neck, fcapulars, andleffer covertsof the wings 
are of a full black; though in fome the neck on 
each fide beneath the cheeks is marked with white: 
the four firft greater covert feathers are dusky, the reft 
tipt with white, the neareft flightly, butas they ad- 
vance the white gradually gains ground till it poffefies 
half the feather. The ends and exterior fides of the 
three firft quil-feathers are black : the lower interior 
fides white: the fix next are marked in the fame 
manner with the addition of a white {pct paffing on 
each fide the upper part of the fhaft: the remaining 
feathers are white, marked on the upper end with a 
black fpot ; the two laf excepted, which are wholly 
white: the tail confifts of twelve feathers ; their upper 
half is black, the lower white: the breaft, belly, 
thighs, and under coverts of the wings are white : the 
legs and feet are thick and ftrong; of a dirty flefh 
color: the middle toe is connected to the exterior toe 
as far as the firft joint, by a thick membrane: the. 
claws are dusky, fhort and flat. 


H. The 


Defcr. 


S 


378 NORFOLK PLOVER. Claf Il. 


Il. The NORFOLK PLOVER. 


Un Offardeau, Ocdicnemus. Le grand Pluvier,, Courly de 


Belon av. 239. terre. Brifonav.v. 76. tab. 7s 
Charadrius (Triel vel Griel-) fig. 1. 

Gefner av. 256. Charadrius oedicnemus. Liz. /y/ts 
The Stone Curlew. Wil. orn. 255. 

306. Br. Zoof. 127: 


Raii fin. av. 108. 


<i age weight of this fpecies is eighteen ounces: 
| The length to the tail eighteen inches: the 
breadth thirty-fix. The head is remarkably round: 
the fpace beneath the eyes is bare of feathers, 
and of a yellowifh green: the irides yellow: the 
feathers of the head, neck, back, and fcapulars, 
and coverts of the wings are black, edged deeply 
with pale reddifh brown : the belly and thighs are of 
a pure white: the two firft quil-feathers are black, 
marked on the middle of each web with a large 
white fpot. The tail confifts of twelve feathers; the 
tips of the two utmoft are black, beneath is a broad 
white bar, the remaining part barred with white and 
dufky brown: in the next feathers the white leffens 5 
in the middle it almoft difappears, changing it toa 
pale reddifh brown, mottled with a darker: the legs 
are of a fine yellow: the toes very fhort, bordered 
with a ftrong membrane: the knees thick, as if 
fwelled; from whence Belon gives it the name of 
Oedicnemus*. ‘This bird is not very common in 
England: it is found fometimes on Shirewood fore, 
buc in greateft plenty in Norfolk ;. where “from a 


. From obdew, and nvnene 
finilarity 


Clafs II. GREEN PLOVER. 379 


fimilarity of colors to the Curlew, it is there called 
the fione Curlew. It breeds in rabbit borroughs, and 
is faid to lay two eggs, of a copper color, fpotted with 
a darker red. It isa nocturnal bird, and makes a 
whiftling noife. Its food is worms and caterpillars. 
Gefner {ays it will catch mice. 


Il. The GREEN PLOVER. 


LePluvier Guillemot. Belon av. Dalekarlis Akerhona, Lappis 


260. ; Hutti. Faun. Suec. fp. 190. 
Pluvialis. Ge/ner av. 714. Pluvialis aurea, le Pluvier doré. 
Pivier. Addr. av. ill. 206. Briffon av. V. 43. tab. 4. fig. te 
Wil. orn. 308. Piviero verde. Ziman. 102. 

Raii fyn. av. V1. Norvegis Akerloe, Cimbris Broks 
Brachhennl. Kram. 354. Fuogl. Brannich 187. 
Charadrius Pluvialis. Liz, yf. Br. Zool. 128. 

eis 


HIS elegant fpecies is often found on our moors 

and heaths, in the winter time, in fmall flocks. 
Its weight is nine ounces: its length eleven inches : 
its breadth twenty-four: the bill is fhort and black: 
the feathers on the head, back, and coverts of the 
wings are black, beautifully fpotted on each fide 
with light green: the breaft brown, marked with 
ereenifh oblong ftrokes: the belly white: the middle 
feathers of the tail barred with black and yellowith 
green: the reft with black and brown: the legs 
black. We have obdferved fome variety in thefe birds, 
but cannot determine whether it is owing to age or 
fex: we have feen fome with black bellies, others 


with a mixture of black and white; others with 
Bb bluifh 


Defer. 


Defcr. 


380 LONG LEGGED PLOVER. Clafs Il. 


bluifh legs, and fome with a {mall claw in = 
of the hind toe. 

They lay four egos, fharply pointed at the ‘Hefter 
end, of a dirty white color, and irrecularly marked, - 
efpecially at the thicker end, with black blotehes 

and 1s. 


IV. The LONG LEGGED PLOVER. 


Le grand Chevalier Italie, Sidd. Scot. 19. tab. 11. 43. 
Belon Portr. d Oyfeausxy 53+ L’Echafie. Bess av. Ve 330 


Ald. av. Wi. 176. . tab.2. fig. 1 

Gefner av. 546. Charadrius bimantopus. Lin. fyfte 
Himantopus. ¥7/. orz. 297. 255 ; 
Raii fyn. av. 108. Br. Zool. 128. add. plates, 


H1S is the moft fingular of the Britifb birds ; 
the legs are of a length, and weaknefs greatly 
difproportioned to the body, which is inferior in fize 
to that of the green Plover: this added to the defect 
of the back toe, muft render its paces aukward and 
infrm. ‘The naked part of the thigh is three inches 
and a half long; the legs four anda half: thefe, and 
the feet are of a blood red: the bill is black, above 


_ two inches long. The length from its tip to the 


end of the tail is thirteen inches: the breadth. from 
tip to tip of the wing twenty-nine inches: the fore- 
head, and whole under fide of the body are white: 
the crown of the head, back, and wings black: on 
the hind part of the neck are a few black fpots: the 
tail is of a greyifh white: the wings when clofed ex- 
tend far beyondit. Thefe birds are extremely rare 

in 


Clafs I. DOTTREL,: 381 


in thefe iflands: Sir Robert Sibbald records a brace 
that were fhot in Scotland: we have feen them often 
in the cabinets of the curious at Paris, taken on the 
French coatts. 


N,.’ The DOT TR EL: 


Morinellus avis anglica, Ge/ner Charadrius morinellus. Lin. /y?. 


av. O15. 2654. 
Wil. orn. 309. Lappis Lahul. Faun. Suec. fp. 188. 
Raii fyn. av. 111. ~ Caii opufc. 96. 
Camden. Brit. i. 570. Cimbris Pomerants Fugl. Norwegis 


Pluvialis minor, five morinellus, Bold Ticet. Mindre Akerloe. 
le petit Pluvier, ou le Guig- Brunnich 185. 
nard. Briffon av.v. 54. tab. Br. Zool. 129. 


4. fig. 2. 


“WHE female dottrel, according to Mr. WWil- 
loughby,, weighs more than four ounces; the 

male above half an ounce lefs. The length of the fe- 
male ten inches; the breadth nineteen and a half; the 
‘male not folarge. The bill black, flender, depreffled 
in the middle, and not an inch long: the forehead, 
top and back of the head of a brown black, the 
former fpotted with white; a broad white firoke that 
paffes over the eyes, furrounds the whole: the cheeks 
and throat are white: the neck of a deep olive color: 
the middle of the feathers of the back, and coverts 
of the tail, and of the wings, are alfo olive; but 
their edges of a dull deep yellow: the quil-feathers 
~are brown, with black fhafts; but the exterior fide of 
the firft feather is white. The tail confifts of twelve 
feathers of a brown olive color, but their ends are 
black. The breaft and fides are of a dull orange 
Bb 2 color; 


Deicr. 


382 HOTT REL Clafs If. 


color; but immediately above that is a line of white, 
feparatine that color from the olive color of the neck. 
The belly (in the male) is black: thighs and vent- 
feathers white: legs black. ‘ 
_ Vhefe birds are Face in Cambridgefbire, Lincalnfire 
and Derbyfbire: on Lincolu-heath, and on the moors 
of Derbyfbire they are migratory, appearing there in 
{mall flocks of eight or ten only in the latter end of 
April, and ftay there all May and part of June, during 
which time they are very fat, and much efteemed for 
their delicate flavor. In the months of Ari and 
September they are taken on the Wilt/fhire and Berk/bire 
downs; but where they breed, or where they refide 
during winter, we have not been able to: difcover. 
They are reckoned very foolifh birds, fo that a dull 
fellow is proverbially called a Dottrel. They were 
alfo believed to mimick the action of the fowler ; to 
ftretch out a wing when he ftretched out an arm, 
&c. continuing their imitation, regardlefs of the net 
that was fpreading for them. 
To this method of taking them, Michael Drayton 
alludes in his panegyrical verfes on Coryate’s Crudities, 


Moft worthy man with thee it is even thus, 
As men take Dottrels, fo haft thou ta’en us; 
Which as a man his arme or leg doth fet, 

So this fond bird will likewife counterfeit. 


At prefent, fportfmen watch the arrival of the 
Dotirels, and fhoot them; the other method having 
been long difufed. 


VI. The 


Clafs IT. SE A, LL ARK 383 


Whe «Thes SEA, AR, K, 


Charadrius five hiaticula. A/dr. Lappis Pago. Faun. Suec, /p. 


av. ili. 207. 137. 
Wil. orn, 310. Pluvialis torquata minor, le petit 
Raii fyn. av. V2. Pluvier a collier. Brifon av. 
Griefshennl. Kram. 354. v. 63. tab. 5. fig. 2. 


Charadrius hiaticula. Lin. yf. Bornhbolmis Proefte-Krave, Sand- 
Vrifter. Brunnich 184. 


253- i 
Suecanieac, Grylle, Trulls, Br. Zool. 129. add. plates. 


T weighs near two ounces. The length is feven 
inches and a half; the breadth fixteen; the bill is 
half an inch long; the upper half orange color; the 
Jower black; from it to the eyes isa black line; the 
cheeks are of the fame color; the forehead white, 
bounded by a black band that paffes over from eye to 
eye; the crown of the head is of a fine light brown ; the 
upper part of the neck is incircled with a white collar; 
the lower part with a black one; the back and coverts 
of the wings of a light brown; the breaft and belly 
white; the tail brown, tipt with a darker fhade ; the 
legs yellow. 

Thefe birds frequent. our fhores in the fummer. 
They lay four eggs of a dull whitifh color, fparingiy 
fprinkled with black: at approach of winter they 
difappear. 


ey Ce Bb 3 VII. The 


Defcr. 


384 SANDERLING. — ChfsIL 


VI. The SANDERLING. 


Sanderling, or Curwillet. W2/. Maubeche grife. Briffn ade 
orn. 303. v. 236. tab. 20. jig. 2. 

Raii fyn. av. 109 Charadrius Caladris. Lin. /yfte 

Towillee. Borlaje hift. Cornwal. 25 ws 


>: 
r] 247° Br. Zool. 129. ada. plates. 
Calidris grifea minor, la petite == : 


{ "7 E have received this fpecies out of Lancafhire ; 
Vi but it is found in greater plenty on the Cornifh 
Defer. fhores, where they fly in flocks. The fanderling 
weighs little more than one ounce three quarters. 
Its length is eight inches; extent fiveteen. Its 
body is ioe more flender form than others of the 
genus. The bill is an inch long, weak and black. 
The head, and hind part of the neck are afh- 
colored, marked with oblong black ftreaks; the 
back and fcapulars are of a brownifh grey, edged 
with dirty white; the coverts of the wings, and 
upper parts of the quil-feathers dufky: the whole 
under fide of the body is white; in fome flightly 
clouded with brown. The tail confifts of twelve 


fharp pointed feathers of a deep afh-color; the legs 
are black, 


Genus 


Pp: SOS, 


WATHKR RAIL . 


The 


BL 
ZZ 

SSE 

= 


SSS 


—— 


i} 
wat 
an 


et 
ie 
Le 
“ 


P| 


mut : 


ined 
if 


i 


Peni WATER BAILY. 385 


Genus’ Vi. The’ RA TP PR 


Bethe WA BK Raw. Dae 9, 


Le Rafle noir. Belonav.11z. Rallus aquaticus. Liz. fy7. 262. 
Gallina cinerea (afhhunlin.) Faun, Succ. /p. 195. 


Gefner av. 515. Rallus aquaticus, le Rafle d’Eau. 
Ralla aquatica. Afr. av. iii, Briffon aviv. 151. tab. 12. 
179. Sigs 2. 
Water-rail, Bilcock, or Brook Norvegis Vand-Rixe Feroenfibus 
Ouzel. Wi). orn. 314. Jord-Koene. Bruanich 193. 
Raii fyn, av. 113. Br. Zool. 130. 


Waller hennl. Kram. 348. 


HE water rail is a bird of a long flender bedy, 

with fhort concave wings. It delights lefs in 
flying than running; which it does very {wiftly along 
the edges of brooks covered with bufhes: as it runs, 
every now and then flirts up its tail; and in fying 
hangs down its legs: actions it has in common with 
the water hen. 

Its weight is four ounces and a half. The fleneth pepe. 
to the end of the tail twelve inches: the breadth fix- 
teen. The bill is flender, flightly incurvated, one 
inch three-quarters long: the upper mandible black, 
edged with red; the lower orange colored: the irides 
red: the head, hind part of the neck, the back, and 
coverts of the wings and tail are black, edged with an 
olive brown; the bafe of the wing is white: the throat, 
breaft, and upper part of the belly are afh-colored: 
the fides under the wings finely varied with black and 
white bars. The tail is very fhort, confifts of twelve 
black feathers ; the ends of the two middle tipt with 

Bb 4 ruft- 


Defer. 


386 SPOTTED WATER WREN. Clafs II- 


ruft-color. The legs are placed far behind, and are 
of a dufky flefh-color. The toes very long, and di- 
vided to their very origin, though the feet are not 
webbed, it takes the water; but as Mr. Ray obferves, 
rather runs on it, than fwims. ; 

This bird is properly /ué generis, agreeing with no 
other, fo forms a feparate tribe: M. Briffon and 
Linnaeus place it with the land Rail, and Mr. Ray 
with the water hens, which have their peculiar cha- 
racters, fo very diftin& from the Rail, as to conftitute 


another genus, as may be obferved in the generical 
table preceding this clafs, 


Genus VII. WATER HENS. 
I, The SMALL SPOTTED WATER HEN, 


Gallinula ochra (Wynkernell.) etta, le petit Rafle d’Eau, ou 
Gefner av. 513. la Marouette. Briffox av. y- 
Porcellana, Porzana, Grugnetto. 155. tab. 13. fig. 1. 


Aldr. av. iit. 181. Couchouan ou Marouette. Ar- 
Grinetta. Wil. orn. fp. 8. p. genv, Lithol. 533. tab. 25. 


Sige Rallus porzana. Lin. /y/t. 262. 
Rait fyn. av. 115. fp. 7. Br. Zool. i306 
Rallus aquat. minor, five maru- 


T <EIIS fpecies is not very frequent in Greaé- 

; Britain. t inhabites the fides of {mall 
ftreams, concealing itfelf among the bufhes. Its 
length is nine inches: its breadth fifteen; its weight 
four ounces five drachms. The head is brown, 
fpotted with black ; the neck a deep olive, fpotted 
with white; from the bill beyond the eyes is a broad 
grey bar: the feathers of the back are black next 
their 


STublou {? mi! 


Clafs II. LAND RAIL 3897 


their fhafts, then olive colored, and edged with white: 
the {capulars are olive, finely marked with two fmall 
white fpots on each web: the legs of a yellowifh 
green. 


Il. The LAND RAIL. Tad, to, 


Le Rafle rouge ou de Genet. Genet, ou Roi des Cailles, 


Belon av. 212. Briffon av. Vv. 159. tab. lige 
O;tygometra, Crex. Ge/ner av. [ge i 

361,362. Wachtel-konig. Kram. 349. 
Aldr. av. ith. 179. Rallus Crex. Lin. fy/?. 261. 
Rail, or Daker Hen. Wil. orn. Ang{narpa, Koroknarr, Seydreif- 

170. wer. Faun. Suec. /p. 194. 
Raii fyn. av. 58. Danis & Norv. Vagtel-Konge. 
Corn-crek. Se Scot. 16. Aker-Rixe. Skov-Snarre, Nor- 


Corn-craker. Martin's We/}. i/les. vegis quibyfdum Agerhoene. 
71. Brunnich 192. 
Rallus geniftarum, le Rafle de Br. Zool. 131. 


HIS fpecies has been fuppofed by fome to be 

the fame with the water rail, and that it dif- 

fers only by a change of color at a certain feafon of 
the year: this error is owing to inattention to their 
characters and nature, both which differ entirely. 
The bill of this fpecies is fhort, ftrong, and thick; 
formed exactly like that of the water hen, and makes 
a generical diftinétion. It never frequents watery 
places, but is always found among corn, grafs, broom, 
or furze. It quits this kingdom before winter ; but 
the water rail endures our fharpeft feafons. They 
agree in their averfion to flight; and the legs, which 
are remarkably long for the fize of bird, hang down 
whilft they are onthe wing; they truft their fafety co their 
{wiftnefs of foot, and feldom are fprung a fecond time 
but with great difficulty. The land rail lays from twelve 
to 


Defer. 


\ 
1 


388 | COMMON WATER HEN. ClafIn 


‘to twenty eggs, of a dull white color, marked with a 


few yellow {pots ; notwithitanding this, they are not 
very numerous in this kingdom. Their note is 
fingular, refembling the word Crew often repeated. 
They are in greateft plenty in Anglefea, where they 
appear about the twentieth of May, fuppofed to pafs 
over from Ireland, where they abound. On their ar- 
rival they are very lean, weighing only fix ounces ; 
but before they leave this ifland, grow fo fat as to 
weigh above eight. The feathers on the crown of 
the head, hind part of the neck, and the back, are 
black, edged with bay color: the coverts of the 
wings the fame color; but not fpotted: the tail is 
fhort, andof a deep bay: the belly white: the legs 
afh-colored. 


Ill. The COMMON WATER HEN. 


La Poulette d'eau. Belo av. Gallinvla,laPoule d’eau. Briffog 


2) av. Vi. 3. tab. 1. 
Ein wafferhen. Gefner av. 501.  Gallinella aquatica, Porzanone. 
Chloropus majornoftra. A/dr. av. Zinan. 109, 
“wii. 177. Wafferhennl. Kram. 358. 
Common Water-hen, or Moor- Fulica chioropus. Lin. ff. 258. 
hen. Wil. orn. 312. Bruanich gt. 
Raii fyn. av. i112. Br. Zool; 13%. 


ay. TE male of this fpecies weighs about fifteen 
ounces. Its length to the end of the tail four- 
feen inches: the breadth twenty-two. The colors of 
the plumage in the female, are much lefs brilliant 
than that of the male: in fize it is alfo inferior. Mr. 
Willoughby in his defcription takes no notice of the 

beautiful 


id Pree 


Clas ll; SCOLLOP TOED SANDPIPER. 489 


beautiful olive glofs of the plumage of thefe birds; 
por that the bill affumes a fuller and brighter red in 
the courting feafon: his natural hiftory of ic in other 
refpects is fo very ample, that we fhall prefent it 
to the reader, almoft in his own words. It gets its 
food on graffy banks, and borders near freth waters, 
and in the very waters, if they be weedy. It builds 
upon low trees and fhrubs by the water-fide; breed- 
ing twice or thrice in the fummer; and when the 
young are grown up, drives them away to fhift for 
themfelves. They lay feven eggs of a dirty white 
color, thinly {potted with ruft color. It ftrikes with 
its bill like a hen; and in the fpring has a fhrill call. 
We may obferve, that the bottoms of its toes are fo 
very flat and broad (to enable it to fwim) that it 
feems the bird that connects the cloven footed aquatics 
with the next tribe ; the fin toed. 


Seétion 


Defer. 


390 SCOLLOP TOED SANDPIPER. Clafs Th 


SeGion II.. FINNED FOOTED 
BIRDS, 


Genus VIII. Scollop toed Sandpipers. 


I. The GREY SCOLLOP TOED SANDPIPER. 


Grey Coot footed Tringa. Edw. 'Tringa Lobata. Lin. ff. 249. 
av. 308. Faun. Suec. fp. 179. 

Phil. tranf. vol. 50. Brunnich. 17%. 

Le Phalarope. Brifonav.vi.12. Br. Zool. 126. 


aia HIS is about the fize of the common Purre, 
weighing one ounce. The bill black, not quite 
an inch long, flatted on the top, and channeled on ~ 
each fide; and the noftrils are placed in the channels: 
the eyes are placed remarkably high in the head: the 
forehead is white: the crown of the head is covered 


- with a patch of a dusky hue, fpotted with white and 


a pale reddifh brown ; the reft of the head, and whole 
under part of the neck and body are white: the upper 
part of the neck is of a light grey: the back and 
rump a deep dove color, marked with dusky fpots : 
the edges of the fcapulars are a dull yellow: the 
coverts dusky ; the lower or iarger tipt and edged 
with white: the eight firft quil feathers dusky; the 
thafts white; the lower part of the interior fide white: 
the fmaller quil-feathers are tipt with white’: the 
wings clofed, reach beyond the tail: the feathers on 
the back are either wholly grey or black, edged’ on 
each fide with a pale red: the-taib is dusky;*edged 
Be with 


ClafsIl.- SCOLLOP TOED SANDPIPER. 391 


with afh-color: the legs are of a lead color: the toes 
extremely fingular, being edged with fcolloped mem- 
branes like the coot: four fcollops on the exterior 
toe, two on the middle, and the fame on the interior; 
each finely ferrated on their edges. 

This bird was fhot in 2ork/bire, and communicated 
tous by Mr. Edwards. 


Il. The RED SCOLLOP TOED SANDPIPER, 


Mr. Fobnfon’sfmallcloven footed yn. av. 132. 
Gull. Wil. orn. 355- Edu. av. 143. 
Ray’s collection of Erg jowords, Tringa hyperborea. Lin. /y/t. 


tan fidipes alter noftras, Razz a 

HIS bird is defcribed by Mr. Ray from a 
fpecimen fhot in York/bire ; this fpecies has not 
yet fallen within our notice, which obliges us to give 

its defcription in the words of our countryman. 
<¢ It is of the bignefs of a black-bird, or fomething 
®‘ lefs: its bill is flender, ftraight, fharp pointed, 
“«¢ black, round, having no knob on the lower man- 
*¢ dible : the crown of a black or dark red : the fides 
¢ and underfides of the neck red : the belly and whole 
*© nether fide white: the back and wings brown, 
** fpotted with yellowifh fpots; in the wings is a 
** tranfverfe white line in the tips of the feathers : the 
** wings are long: the tail fhort: the toes not web- 
“bed together, but bordered on each fide with 
*¢ Jateral membranes fcolloped and elegantly ferrated. 
‘6 Whence, when I firft faw the skin of it ftuffed at 
** Mr. Fobnfon’s, at Brignall, York/bire, from the make 
** of its feet, I judged it to be of the coot kind; but 
* being 


Defer. 


Defer. 


392 CONOR Chay 
<* being afterwards informed by Mr. Fobufon, that it 
‘* is much upon the wing, and hath sharp wings, and 
“ cries Jike a {mall ull: cnet alfo in the fafhion of 
“‘ the bill; I phonaid my opinion, &zc. | 

Mr. Fiewaeis Va 143. fig. 1. that bears a ‘aaa 
deal of refemblance to this: and Linnzus’s fecond 
fpecies, No. 179. of the Fauna Suecica, feems to be 
the very fame with Mr. Ray’s : fo we find thefe birds 
are common to England, Lapland and Hudjon’s Bay. 
Linneus having received his from Lapland, and Mr. 
Edwards his from that part of North America, ~ 


Genus Ix. The G.0 Oa) 


I. ° The -C, Q@; OF: 


La Poulled’eau. Below av. 181. av. Vi. 23. tab, 2. fig. 16 

Fulica recentiorum. Ge/ner av. Folaga, o Polon. Ziman. 108. 
390. Rohr-hennl, Blasfl. Kram. 3576 

Follega, Follata, Fulca. A/dr.av. Fulica atra. Lin. ff. 257. 


ili. 39.42. . Blas- klacka. Faun: Suec. Sp. 1930 
Wil, orn. 319. Danis V and-Hoene, Bles-Hoene. 
Raii fyn. av. 116. Brunich vgo. 


La Foulque, ou Morelle. Brifor Br. Zool. 132. 


rGAHESE birds weigh from twenty-four to 
i twenty-eight ounces. Their belly is afh- 
colored; and on each wing is a fpot of white: every 
part befides is of a deep black: the legs are ofa 

yellowifh green: above the knee is a yellow fpot. 
Coots frequent lakes and ftili rivers: they make 
their neft among the rufhes, with grafs, reeds, Se. 
floating on the water, fo as to rife and fall with it. 
They lay five or fix large eggs, of a dirty whitifh 
hue, fprinkled over with minute deep ruft color fpots. 
In winter they often repair to the fea: we have feen 
I the 


ClafsIl. GREAT CRESTED GREBE. 393 


the channel near Southampton covered with them: 
they are often brought to that market, where they 
are expofed to fale, without their feathers, and fcalded 
like pigs. Authors mention* another fpecies of 
coot, which is larger and of a fuller black than this ; 
we believe it is found in Lancafbire, having feen the 
head and feet of one fhot in that county of a fize far 
fuperior to thofe of the common kind. 


Genus X. GREBES#. 
I: GREAT CRESTED GREBE. 


Grand Plongeon de riviere. Colymbus criftatus. Zin. /jj, 


Belon av. 178. 222. 
Ducchel. Ge/ner av. 138. Faun. Suec. fp. 1516 
Aldr, av, iii. 104. La Grebe hupée. Briffoz av. vi. 
Avis pugnax 8va. d/dr. 169. 38. tab. 4. et Colymbus cer- 
Greater crefted and horned nutus. 45.7ab. 5. fig. I. 
Doucker. Wil. orn. 340. Smergo, Fifolo marino. Zizax, 
Afh-colored Loon of Dr. Browz, 107. 
ibid: Raii fyn, av.124. Danis Topped. og Haltkraved 


Ploit’s hift. Staff. 229. tab. 22. Dykker, Topped Hav Skicere. 
The Cargoofe. Charleton ex. 107. Brunnich. 135. 
Pet. Gaz. i. tab. 43. fig. 12. Br. Zool. 132. 


HIS fpecies weighs two pounds and a half. Defer. 
Tts length is twenty-one inches: the breadth 
thirty : the bill is two inches one-fourth long ; red at 
the bafe; black at the point: the irides are of a fine 


* Greater coot. Wil. ora..320. La Macroule. Brijon av. vi 
28. tab. 2. fig. 2. Folica aterrima. Lin, ff. 258. 

+ The Grebes and Divers are placed in the fame genus, z. e. of 
Colymbi, by Mr. Ray and Linneus; but the difference of the feet, 
forbade our judicious friend, M. Brifox, from continging them 
together ; whole example we have followed. 


pale 


394 GREAT CRESTED GREBE.  Clafs IT 


pale red: the tongue is a third-part fhorter than the 
bill, flender, hard at the end, and a little divided: on 
the head is a large dufky creft. The cheeks and 
throat are furrounded with a long pendent ruff, 
of a bright tawny color: the chin 1s white: from 
the bill to the eye is a black line, and above that a 
white one: the hind part of the neck, and the back 
are of a footy hue: therump, for it wants a tail, is 
covered with long foft down: the feathers on the 
ridge of the wing, and the under coverts are white: 
all the other wing feathers, except the leffer quil- 
feathers are dusky, thofe being white: the breaft and 
belly are of a moft beautiful filvery white, gloffy as 
fattin, and equal in elegance to thofe of the Grebe of 
Geneva; and are applied to the fame ufes: the 
plumage under the wings is dusky, blended with 
tawny : the outfide of the legs, and the bottom of 
the feet are dusky: the ipfide of the legs, and the 
toes of apalegreen. Thefe birds frequent the meres 
of Shrop/bire and Chefbire, where they breed. Their 
skins are made into tippets, which are fold at as high 
price as thofe that come from Geneva. 

This fpecies lays two eggs, white, and of the fize 
of thofe of a pigeon; the neft is formed of a few 
fticks, floating independent among the reeds and flags; 
the water penetrates it, and the bird fits and hatches 
the eggs in that wet condition ; the neft is fometimes 
blown from among the flags into the middle of the 
water, and the Greve is then faid to fteer it with its 
feet, which pafs through: in thefe circumftances, the 
fable of the Helcyon’s neft, its fludivaga domus, as 

Statius 


Clafs IT. GORGE OB T 395 
Statius * exprefics it, may in fome meafure be vin- 
dicated. 

It is a careful nurfe of its young, being obferved 
to feed them moft affiduoufly, commonly with fmall 
eels; and when the infant brood are tired will carry 
them either on its back or under its wings. This 
bird preys on fifh, and is almoft perpetually diving : 
it does not fhew much more than the head above 
water, and is very difficult to be fhot, as it darts 
down on the appearance of the left danger. It is 
never feen on land; and though difturbed ever fo 
often, will not fly farther than the end of the lake. 
Its {kin is out of feafon about February, lofing then 
its bright color: and in the breeding time its breaft » 
is almoft bare. The flefh of this bird is exceffively 


rank: but the fat is of great virtue in rheumatic 
_ pains, cramps and paralytic contractions. 


4 MM. The |G ROP BE: 


Colymbus major. Gefner av. Raii fyn. av. 125. | 
138 Colymbus, la Grebe. Brifon aw. 


Aldr. av. iil. 104. vi. 34. tad. 3. fig. I. 
Greater Loon, or Arsfoot. W7z/. Colymbus urinator. Liz, Sif. 


Orn. 


Bois yi 223). 
Greater Dobchick. Edw. av. Br. Zool. 133. 
360. fig. 2. 


spells differs from the preceding in being rather 
lefs, and in wanting the creft and ruff, which 


adorns the head of the former: in all other refpeéts 


* Fludtivagam fic fepe domum, madidofque penates 
Halcyone deferta gemit ; cum pignora fevus 
Aufter, et algentes rapuit Thetis invida nidos. 
- | Thebaid, lib. ix. 360. 


(Owe the 


Deler, 


396 LESSER CRESTED GREBE. Clafs f1. 


the marks agree, and the fame defcriptions may ferve 
for both. This fpecies is fcarce in England: but 
common in the winter time on the lake of Geseva. 

They appear there in flocks of ten or twelve: and 


_ are killed for the fake of their beautiful fkins. The 


under fide of them being dreft with the feathers on, 
are made into muffs and tippets; each bird fells for 
about fourteen fhillings. 


% 


HI. The LESSER CRESTED GREBE. 


Eared Dobchick. Edw. av. 96. a2. 
Norvegis Sav-Orre, Soe-Orre, 


Figs 2: 
- La Grebe a Oreilles. Brifon av. Bornholmis Soe-Hoene. I/landis 


Vi. 54. Flauefkitt. Brunzich 136. 
Colymbus aoritus. Lin. ff. Br. Zool. 133. 


i ig HIS fpecies is rather lefs than a teal: the head 

and neck are black; the throat fpotted with 
white: the whole upper fide of a blackifh brown, 
except the ridge of the wing about the firft joint, and 
tips of the middle quil-feathers, which are white: the 
breaft, belly and inner coverts of the wings are white: 
between the dark on the upper fide, and white on the 
lower, is a mixture of ruft-colored feathers. Behind 
the eyes, on each fide, is a tuft of long loofe feathers, 
hanging backwards. The irides are red: the legs of 
a dirty green. This fpecies was found in the Londox 
markets by Mr. Edwards, in the winter of 17393 he 
afterwards received another from Hudfon’s Bay, which 
he thinks the male of this. From the bill to the 
eyes was a bare ftripe of red; the feathers round the 

2 head, 


Ciafs Il. WHITE AND DUSKY GREBE. 397 


head, down to the middle of the neck, were black 
and very full; and the front of the neck below them 
were of a reddith orange color : the irides red, 


IV. The WHITE AND DUSKY GREBE, 


The black and white Dobchick. Briffoa av. vi, 56. 
Edw. av. 96. fig. 1 Br. Zool. 133 
Colymbus minor, la petite Grebe. 


N fize it was equal toa teal, The bill was little 
more than an inch long. The crown of the head, 
and whole upper fide of the body dufky: the inner 
coverts, the ridge of the wing, and the middle quil- 
feathers were white: the reft of the wing dufky: a 
bare fkin of a fine red color joined the bill to the eye: 
the whole underfide from the chin to the rump was 
white: on the thighs were a few black fpots. In fome 
birds the whole neck was afh-colored: fo probably 
they might have been young birds or different in fex. 
We have frequently feen this fpecies fent out of 
Lincolnfbire, where it breeds: and have obferved fome 
with a fmall red tuft arifing from the ears, like that 
of the laft {pecies, but greatly lefs; neither had the 
neck and breaft the leit tinge of red as the others 
have; but whether they form diftinét fpecies, or are 
only varieties of the fame bird, we cannot determine. 
But in refpeét to the following, the /ittle grebe or dob- 
chick, we venture to pronounce to be totally different, 
(notwithftanding Linneus conftitutes but one fpecies 
of our third, fourth, and fifth), having feen the fourth 
and fifth kinds at different periods of their lifes 
C2 and 


Defcr. 


Deter. 


398 LIRTWE GRE RE: Clafs. IT. 


and the third we infert on the authority of Mr. 
Edwards. 


Voth Li DLE iG RE Bie 


Le Cafiagneux, cu Zoucet. Belon foot. Wz. orn. 340. 
av. 177. Raii fyn. av. 126. 
Mergulus fluviatilis (Ducchelin,. Colymbus fluviatilis, la Grebe 
Arfsfals.) Ge/ner av. 141. de Riviere, ou le Caftagneux. 
Trapazorola arzauolo, Piombin. Brifjon av. Vi. 59. 
Aldr. av. iti. 105. Coiymbus auritus. Liz. /)/?. 223. 
Didapper, Dipper, Dobchick, Faun. Suec. fp. 152. 
fmall Doucker, Loon, or Arf- Br. Zool. 134. — 


HE weight of this fpecies is from fix to feven 
ounces. The length to the rump ten inches : 

to the end of the toes thirteen: the breadth fixteen. 
The head is thick fet with feathers, thofe on the 
cheeks, in old birds are of a bright bay: the top of 
the head, and whole upper fide of the body, the neck 
and breaft, are of a deep brown, tinged with red : the 
ereater quil-feathers dufky: the interior webs of the 
lefler white: the belly is afh-colored, mixed with a 
filvery white, and fome red: the legs of a dirty green. 
The wings of this fpecies, as of all the others are 
{mall, and the legs placed far behind: fo that they 
walk with great difficulty, and very feldom fly. 
They truft their fafery to diving ; which they do with 
great fwiftnefs, and continue long under water. 
Their food is fifh, and water plants. This bird ts 
found in rivers, and other frefh waters. It forms its” 
neft near their banks, in the water; but without any 
faftning, fo that it rifles and falls as that does. “To 
make its neft it collects an amazing quantity of grafs, 
water 


Clafs IT. AoW OaSe/E; DTA. 399 


water-plants, @&c. It lays five or fix white eggs; and 
always covers them when it quits the neft. It fhould 
feem wonderful how they are hatched, as the water 
rifes through the neft, and keeps them wet ; but the 
natural warmth of the bird bringing on a fermenta- 
tion in the vegetables, which are full a foot thick, 
makes a hot bed fit for the purpofe. 


Section III. WEBBED FOOTED 
BER D's, 
Genus XI. The AVOSET TA. 
Lhe AV OrSteP ae: 


Recurviroftra. Ge/uer av. 231.  <Avofetta, L’Avocette. Briffon av’. 
Avofetta, Beccoftorto, Beccoroella, Vi. 1539. tab. 47. fig. 2. 
Spinzago d’acqua. A/dr. av. Krumbichnabl. Kram. 348. 


Il, 114. Recurviroftra Avoletta. Liz. fff. 
Wil. orn 321. 21,6. 
Raii fyn. av. 117. Skarflacka, Alfit. Faun. Suec. /p. 
The Scooper. Charlton ex. 102. 1g. 
The crooked Bill. Dale’s iff. Danis Klyde, Loufugl, Forkeert 
Harwich. 402. Regnfpove. Br. 188. 
Plot's hi. Staff. 231. Br. Zool. 134. 


“pelts bird may at once be diftinguifhed from Defer. 
all others, by the fingular form of its bill; 
which is three inches and a half long, flender, com- 
prefied very thin, flexible, and of a fubftance like 
whalebone ; and contrary to the bills of other birds, 
is turned up for near half its length. The tongue is 
Grch2 fhort: 


400 BEN*OTS at fre Clafs Tf. 
fhort: the head very round: that, and half the hind 
part of the neck black : the cheeks, and whole under 
fide of the body from chin to tail is of a pure white: 
the back, exterior fcapular feathers, the coverts on 
the ridge of the wings, and fomie of the leffer quil- 
feathers, are of thé fame color; the other coverts, 
and the exterior fides and ends of the greater quil- 
feathers, are black: the tail confifts of twelve white 
feathers: tthe legs are very long, of a fine blue 
color, and naked far above the kneés: the webs 
dufky, and deeply indented: the back toe extremely 
fmall. 

Thefe birds are frequent in the winter on the 
eaftern fhores of this kingdom: in Gloucefterfbire, at 
the Severn’s Mouth; and fometimes on the lakes of 
Shropfhire. They feed on worms and infects that 
they fcoop with their bills out of the fand; their 
fearch after food is frequently to be dilcerned on 
our fhores by alternate femi-circular marks in the 
fand, which fhew their progrefs. They lay two 
eggs about the fize of thofe cf a pigeon, white 
tinged with green, and marked with large black 


fpots. 


Genus 


Ciafs II. GREAT) AOULK: 401 


Genus’? XI (AOU cK 8; 


* Thofe with thick Bills. 
** Thofe with flender Bills. 


* 


W Phe dG RB AE oA UR: 


Goirfugel. Clufii exot. 367. Briffon av. vi. 85. tab. 7. 
Penguin Wormii, 300. Eforokitfok *. Crantz’s Greenl. 
Wil. orn.323. Mei re 
Rati fyn. av. 11g. Alcaimpennis. Lin. /j/f. 210. 
Edw. av. 147. Faun. Svec. fp. 140. 
Martin’s-voy. St. Kilda. 27. Iflandis Gyr-v Geyrfug!. Norwegis 
Avis, Gare diéta. Sib. Scot, iii, Fiert, Anglemaage, Penguin, 
B26 1% Brillefugl. Brannich. 105+ 


Alca major, le grand Pingoin, Br. Zool. 136. 


Ccording to Mr. Martin, this bird breeds on the 

ifle of St. Ki/da , appearing there the begin- 

ning of Méay, and retiring the middle of Fane. It 
lays one egg, which is fix inches long, of a white 
color, fome are irregularly marked with purplith 
lines croffing each other, others blotched with black 
and ferruginous about the thicker end; if the egg is 
taken away, it will not lay another that feafon. A 
late writer * informs us, that it does not vifit that 
ifland annually, but fometimes keeps away for feveral 
years together ; and adds, that it lays its egg clofe to 
the fea-mark; being incapable, by reafon of the 


* Or little wing, “+ Macaulay's bift, St, Kilda, p. 158. 
: Ec fhort~ 


Defer. 


mo. GREAT Clafs I. 


fhortnefs of its wings, to mounthigher. The length 
of this bird, to the end of its toes, is three feet; the 
bill, to the corner of the mouth, four inches and a 
quarter; part of the upper mandible is covered with 
fhort, black, velvet like feathers 5 it is very ftrong, 
compreffed and marked with feveral furrows that 
tally both above and below: between the eyes and 
the bill on each fide is a large white fpot: the reft of 
the head, the neck, back, tail and wings, are of a 
glofiy black: the tips of the leffer quil-feathers 
white: the whole under fide of the body white: the 
legs black. The wings of this bird are fo {mall, as to 
be ufelefs for fight: the length, from the tip of the 
longeft quil-feathers to the firft joint, being only four 
inches and a quarter. 

This bird is obferved by feamen never to wander 
beyond /oundings in the feas it frequents ; and accord- 
ing to its appearance they direct their meafures, being 
then affured that landis not very remote. Thus the 
modern failors pay refpect to auguries, in the fame 
manner as 4riftopbanes tells us thofe of Greece did 
above two thoufand years ago. 


~ 3 ~ 1Q , ~ ws 
TIgocges Tho hEL THY OOYIVWY [LAYTELOULEIW DEOL TH The, 
\ \ ~ a ‘ ~ A - 
Nuys 24 WTAE, YEbAWY ES Gb, YUVs AES, AEQOOS ETES Cb. Aves. 597s 


From birds, in failing men inftruétions take 5 
Now lye in port; now fail and profit make. 


Il. The 


ahem 


Clafs II. AA OK Nae eas 


~ 


re cette ANU Ke. 


Razor-bill, Auk, Murre. Wil. Alcatorda. Lin. /if. 210. 

orn. 323. Tord, Tordmule. Faun. Suec. fp. 
Rati fin. av. 119. 139: 
Hie Martin's vay. St. Norvegis Klub- Alke, Klympe, 


Kilda. 33. ‘ Jfiandis Awlka, Klumbr, Klum- 
The Marrot. Sib. bift. Fife. 48. burnevia. Groen/andis Awarfuk. 
Edw. av. 158. fig. 2. Danis Aike. Bruunich. 100. 


Alca, ie Pingoin. Brifozav. vi. Br. Zool. 136. 
8g. tab. 8. fig. 1s 


ry HESE fpecies weigh twenty-two ounces and a Defer. 
half. The Jength about eighteen inches: the 
breadth twenty-feven. The bill is two inches long, 
arched, very {trong and fharp at the edges ; the color 
black: the upper mandible is marked with four 
traniverfe grooves; the lower with three; the wideft 
_ of which is white, and croffes each mandible. The in- 
fide of the mouth is of a fine pale yellow: from the 
eye to the billisa line of white: the head, throat, and 
whole upper fide of the body, are black; the wings 
of the fame color, except the tips of the leffer guil- 
feathers, which are white: the tail confifts of twelve 
black feathers, and is fharp pointed: the whole un- 
derfide of the body is white: the legs black. 

Thefe birds, in company with the Guillemot, ap- 
pear in our feas the beginning of February; but do 
not fettle on their breeding places till they begin to 
jay, about the beginning of May. They inhabite the 
ledges of the higheft rocks that impend over the fea, 

where they form, a grotefque appearance; fitting 
clofe together, and in rows one above the other. They 
properly 


Defer. 


404 AU OK, Clafs IL. 


properly lay but one egg a piece, of an extraordinary 
fize for the bulk of the bird, being three inches long: 
itis either white, or of a pale fea green, irreoularly 
fpotted with black: if this egg is deftroyed, both the 
auk and cuillemot will lay another, if that is taken, 
then a third: they make no neft, depofiting their 
egg on the bare rock: and though fuch multitudes 
lay contiguous, by a wonderful inftin& each diftin- 
ouifhes itsown. Whatis alfo matter of great amaze- 
ment, they fix their ege on the fmooth rock, with fo 
exact a balance, as to fecure it from rolling off, yet 
fhould it be removed, and then attempted to be re- 
placed by the human hand, it is extremely difficult 
if not impoffible to find its former equilibrium. 

The eggs are food to the inhabitants of the coafts 
they frequent; which they get with sreat hazard ; 
being lowered from above by ropes, trufting to the 
ftrenoth of their companions, whofe footing is often 
fo urftable that they are forced down the precipice, 
and perifh together. 


‘THe BLACK BILTED “AUT 


Alca minor, le petit pingoin. Alca Pica. Lin. fpf. 210. 
Brifin ay. Vis 92. tab. 8. Alca unifalcata. Brunnich. 102, 
fi. 2. Br. Zool. 137, 


i OSs is a variety of the common kind: it 
weighs only eighteen ounces: the length fif- 
teen inches and a half : the breadth twenty-five inches. 
The bill is of the fame form with the Auk’s, but is 


entirely. 


Clafs II. Pye) By 1 Ne 405 


entirely black. The cheeks, chin, and throat are 
white; in all other refpects it agrees with the former 
{pecies: we can only obferve, that this was thot in 
the winter; when the common fort have quitted the 
coalis. 

When this bird was killed, it was obferved to have 
about the neck abundance of lice, refembling thofe 
that infeft the human kind, only they were fpotted 
with yellow. 


Wi Ghee BO or TaN, 


Puphinus anglicus. Ge/ner av. 
Ae 
Pica marina, A/dr. av. iil. 92. 
Puffin, Coulterneb, &c. Wil. or. 
ane 
Raii fyn. av. 120+ 
Edw. av. 358. jig. 1. 
The Bowger. Martin’s voy. St. 
Kilda. 34. 
satercula, le Macareux. Brzfen 


av, Vi. 81. tab. 6, fig. 1 
Cati opufe. 97. 
Anas arctica, Clufii Exot. 104, 
Alca ardtica. Lin. ff. 211. 
Faun. Succ. fp. vate 
dlandis 8 Norveg. Lunde, hujus 
pul Lund Toller. Danis 
Iflandfk Papegoye. Branaich. 
103. 
Br. Zool. 135. 


HIS bird weighs about twelve ounces: its Defer. 
length is twelve inches: the breadth from tip 
to tip of the wings extended, twenty-one inches: the 
bill is fhort, broad at the bafe, comprefled on the 
fides, and running up to aridge, triangular and end- 
ing ina fharp point: the bafe of the upper mandible 
is ftrenothened with a white narrow prominent rim 
full of very minute holes: the bill is of twocolors, the 
- part next the head of a bluith grey, the lower part 
red: inthe former is one tranfverfe groove or furrow, 
in the latter three : the fize of the bills of thefe birds 
| vary : 


406 BeUUBLPil Bea Clafs IT. 


vary: thofe of Priefholme Ile are one inch and three- 
quarters long; and the bale of the upper mandible 
one inch broad: but in the birds from the [le of Maz 
thefe proportions are much lefs. | 

The noftrils are very long and narrow 3; commence 
at the above-mentioned rim, terminate at the frit 
groove, and run parallel with the lower edge of 
the bill. 

The irides are of a dufky color: and the edges of 
the eyelids of a fine crimfon: on the upper eyelid is a 
fincular callous fubfiance, grey, and of a triangular 
form: on the lower is another of an oblong ferm: 
The crown of the head, whole upper part of the 
body, tail, and covert feathers of the wings are 
black; but in fome the feathers of the back are 
tinged with brown: the quil feathers are of a dufky hue. 
The tail is compofed of fixteen feathers: the cheeks. 
are white, and fo full of feathers as to make the 
head appear very Jarge and almoft round : the chin of 
the fame color; bounded on each fide by a broad 
bed of grey : from the corner of each eye is a fmall 
feparation of the feathers terminating at the back of 
the head. The neck is encircled with a broad collar 
of black: but the whole lower part of the body as 
far as ig under water is white, which is a circum- 
ftance in common with moft of this genus. The 
legs are {mall, of an orange color, and placed fo far 
 bebind as to difqualify it from ftanding, except quite 
erect: refting not only on the foot, but the whole 
leneth of the leg: this circumftance attends every one 
of the genus, but not remarked by any. naturalift, 

except 


Clafs If. Bae rer, TUN, | 407 


except Wormius, who has figured the Penguin, a bird 
of this genus, with great propriety: this makes the 
rife of the Puffin from the ground very difficult, and 
it meets with many falls before it gets on wing; but 
when that is effected, few birds fly longer or 
fironger. 

Thefe birds frequent the coafts of feveral parts of 
Great-Britain and Ireland; but no place in greater 
numbers than Prieftholme [fle*, where their flocks 
_ may be compared to fwarms of bees for multitude. 
‘Thefe are birds of paflage ; refort thither in April, 
and difpoffeiling the rabbits of their holes, occupy 
them till Avgu/?, when they all difappear. They lay 
but one egg, white, and of the fize of that of 
a hen. 

Their flefh is exceffive rank, as they feed on fea 
weeds and fifh, efpecially Sprats; but when pickled 
and preferved with fpices, are admired by thofe who 
love high eating. Dr. Cazus tells us, that in his days 
the church allowed them in lent, inftead of fifth: he 
alfo acquaints us that they were taken by means of 
ferrets, as we do rabbits: at prefent they are either 
dug out, or drawn from their burrows by a hooked 
ftick’: they bite extremely hard, and keep fuch fat 
hold on whatfoever they faften, as not to be eafily 
difengaged. - Their noife, when taken, is very dif- 
agreeable; being like the efforts of a dumb perfon to 
fpeak. 

- The notes of all the fea birds are extremely harfh 
or inharmonious: we have often refted under the 


* Of the coalt of Angk/ea. 
rocks 


kee PUFFIN. Cla If. 


rocks attentive to the various founds above our heads, 

which mixed with the folemn roar of the waves fwell- 

ing into and retiring from the vaft caverns beneath, _ 
have produced a fine effect. The fharp voice of the 

fea gulls, the frequent chatter of the guillemots, the 
loud note of the auks, the {cream of the herons, to- 

eether with the hoarfe, deep, periodical croak of the 

cormorants, which ferves as a bafe to the reft; has 

often furnifhed us with a concert, though not quite fo 

melodious as fome we have heard under the direétion 

of Mr. el; yet, joined with the wild fcenery that 

furrounded us, have afforded, in a high degree, that 

fpecies of pleafure which arifes from the novelty, 

and we may fay gloomy grandeur of the enter- 

tainment. 

The winter refidence of this whole genus (two 
{pecies excepted) is unknown: it is probable they live 
at fea, in fome more temperate climate, remote from 
land ; forming thofe multitudes of birds that naviga- 
tors obferve in many parts of the ocean: they are al- 
ways found there at certain feafons, retiring only at 
breeding time: repairing to the northern latitudes; 
and during that period are found as near the Pole as 
navigators have penetrated. 


V. The 


Clafs If. Vie ee B UAU K, A09 


PVE ie be eRe re As 


Little black and white Diver. J/andis Halkioen, Havdirdell, 


Wil. orn. 343. Norvegis Soe Konge, Soeren 
Mergulus Melanoleucos roftro Jakob, Perdrikker, Perfuper, 
acuto brevi. Raiz /yz. av. 125. Boefizr, Borrefer, Hys The- 
Edw. av. gt. mas, Feroenfibus Fulkop. Groen- 
Uria minor, le petit Guillemot. landis Akpaliarfok. Brunnich. 
Briffon av. Vi. 73. 106. 
Alcaalle. Liza. ff. 211. Gunner tab. 6. 
Faun. Suec. fp. 142; Br. Zool. 137. 


HE bird our defcription was made from was 

taken in Lanca/hire; its bulk was not fuperior to 
that of ablackbird. The bill convex, fhort, thick, and 
ftrong; its color black. That of the crown of the head, 
the hind part of the neck, the back, and the tail 
black ; the wings the fame color; but the tips of the 
leffer quil-feathers white: the inner coverts of the 
wings grey: the cheeks, throat, and whole under 
fide of the body white: the fcapular feathers black 
and white: the legs and feet covered with dirty 
greenifh white fcales ; the webs black. 

Mr. Edwards has figured a bird that varies very 
little from this: and has added another, which he 
imagines differs only in fex: in that, the head and 
neck are wholly black; and the inner coverts of the 
wings barred with a dirty white. 


VI. The 


Defer. 


410 GUPTLEEM Od. Clafs I. 


*E 


Vioothe, GU TL bE VEO me 


Guillem, Guillemot, Skout, Kid- Lommia. N. Com. Petr. iv. 414. 
daw, Sea-hen. Wil orn. 324. Colymbus Troile. Liz. fpf. 2 20 


. Raii fyn. av. 120. Faun. Suec. fp. 149+ 
The Lavy. Martin's voy. St. Ilandis & Norwvegis Lomyie, Lang- 
ph eiden 2.2. givie, Lomrifvie, Storfugl. 
Edw. av. 359- fig-t- Brunnich. 108. 


Defer. 


Uria, le Guillemot. Brifon av. Br. Zool. 138. 
Vi. 70. tab. 6. fg. 1. ‘ 


ap S fpecies weighs twenty-four ounces: the 
length feventeen inches: the breadth twenty- 
feven and a half: the bill is three inches long ; black, 
ftrait, and fharp pointed: near the end of the lower 
mandible is a {mall procefs ; the infide of the mouth 
yellow: the feathers on the upper part of the bill are 
fhort, and foft like velvet: from the eye to the hind 
part of the head isa {mall divifion of the feathers, 
The head, neck, back, wings, and tail are of a deep 
moufe color; the tips of the leffer quil-feathers white : 
the whole under fide of the body is of a pure white : 
the legs dufky. 

Thefe birds are found in amazing numbers on the 
high cliffs on feveral of our coafts, and appear at the 
fame time asthe auk. They are very fimple birds ; 
for notwithftanding they are fhot at, and fee their 
companions killed by them, they will not quit the 
rock. Like the auk, they lay only one ego, which is 
very large; fome are of a fine pale blue, others white, 
fpotted, or moft elegantly ftreaked with lines croffing 
each other in all directions. 


VI. The 


Clas II. LESSER GUILLEMOT. 4h 


Vil the LESSER GUILLEMOT, 


Uria Svarbag. Brunnich 110. Ringuia. 
Ylandis Stutnefur, Svartbakur, Br. Zool. 138. 


HE weight is nineteen ounces: the length fix- 
teen inches: the breadth twenty-fix. The bill 


two inches andga-half long, fhaped like the Guille- 


mots, but weaker. The top of the head, the whole 
upper part of the body, wings and tail are of the fame 
color withthe former: the cheeks, throat, and 
all the lower fide of the body are white: from 
the corner of the eye is a dufky ftroke, point- 
ing to the hind part of the head: the legs are 
dufky: the tail very fhort, and confifts of twelve 
feathers. 

Thefe birds frequent our coafts in the winter time ; 
but that very rarely: where they breed is unknown 
to us; having never obferved them on the rocks 
among the congenerous birds. 


Dd VII. The 


Defer, 


_ Raii fyn. av. 121. 


Defcr. 


412 BLACK GUILLEMOT. Chil 


VU The BLACK GUILLEMOT. 


Greenland-dove, or Sea-turtle. 418. 
Wil. orn. 326. Uria minor nigra, le petit 
Guillemot noir, Briffon av. vi. 


Ray’s itin. 183, 192. 76. 
Feifte, Gunner. tab. 4. Colymbus Grylle. Liz. fy. 220. - 
Turtur maritimus infule Bafs. Faun. Suec. fp. 148. 

Sib. hiff. Fife. 46. Wlandis Teilta, Norvegis Teifte. 


The Scraber. Martia’s voy. St. Gracrlangs Sarpak. Brannich. 
Kilda. 32. 113, 
Cajour, Pynan. N. Com, Petr.iv. Br. Zool, 138. 


HE length of this fpecies is fourteen inches : 
T the breadth twenty-two: the bill is an inch 
and ahalf long, ftrait, flender, and black; the in- 
fide of the mouth red: on each wing is a large bed 
of white, which in young birds is fpotted: the tips 
of the leffer quil-feathers, and the inner coverts of the 
wings, are white: except thefe, the whole plumage is’ 
black. In winter it is faid to change to white: anda 
variety {potted with black and white * is not uncom- 
mon in Scotland. The tail confifts of twelve feathers : 
the legs are red. 

Thefe birds are found on the Bafs-ifle in Scotland ; 
in the le of St. Kilda, and, as Mr. Ray imagines, in 
the Farn-iflands off the coatt of Northumberland; we 
have alfo feen it on the rocks of Liandidno in Caernar- 
vonfbire. \t vifits St. Kilda’s in March: makes its 
neft far under ground; and lays a grey ege ; or as 


© The {potted Greenx/and Dove of Mr. Edwards, plate 50. 


Steller 


- Clafs II. GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. 413 


Steller fays, whitifh fpotted with ruft-color, and 
f{peckled with afh-color. 


Genus XL. DLV EB R’S. 


I. The GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. 


Clufius’s 741, OYn. 342. Brifim av, Vi. 120. fab. 116 

Raii fyn. av. 125. Jigs 1 

Mergus maximus Farrenfis, five Calymbus glacialis. Lin. ff. 

_ Arcticus. Clufii exot. 102. 

Colymbus maximus ftellatus Nevers Brnfen, Groenlandis 
noftras. Sib. hifi. Scot. 20. Tiulik. Brunnich, orn. 134. 
Dab. ity. Br. Zool. 139. 

Le grand Plongeon tachete. 


: ee length of this fpecies is three feet five 
inches: its breadth four feet eight: the bill to 

the corners of the mouth four inches Hoe black and 
ftronzly made. ~The head and neck are of a deep 
black: the hind part of the latter is marked with a 
large femilunar white band: immediately under the 
throat is another; both marked with black oblong 
ftrokes pointing down: the lower part of the neck is 
of a deep biack, gloffed with a rich purple: the whole 
under fide of the body is white : the fides of the breaft 
marked with black lines: the back, coverts of the 
wings, and fcapulars, are black, marked with white 
fpots: thofe on the {capulars are very Jarge, and of a 
{quare fhape ; two at the end of each feather. The 
tailis very fhort, and almoft concealed by the coverts, 
which are dufky fpotted with white : thelegs are black. 
Thefe birds inhabite the northern parts of this ifland, 
Dd2 live 


Defer. 


Defcr. 


414 GREY SPECKLED DIVER.  Clafs If. 


live chiefly at fea, and feed on fifh: we do not know 
whether they breed with us, as they do in Norway; 
which has many birds in common with Scotland. 


Il. The GREY SPECKLED DIVER. 


Greateft fpeckled Diver, or Le petit Plongeon. Brifon av. 


Loon. Wil. orn. 341. Vi. 108. tab. 10. fig. 2. 
Raii fyn. av. 125. Mergus Stellatus Danis Soe- 
Colymbus caudatus ftellatus. N. Hane. Brunnich. 130. 

Com. Petr. iv. 424. Br. Zool. 139. 


Ee fpecies weighs two pounds and a half: 
its length twenty-feven inches: its breadth 
three feet nine. The bill three inches long and turns 
a little upwards; the mandibles, when clofed at the 
points, do not touch at the fides. The head is of a 
dufky grey, marked with numerous white fpots: the 
hind part of the neck an uniform grey: the whole up- 
per part of the body, and ereater coverts of the wings 
dufky, fpeckled with white: the leffer coverts dufky, 
and plain, The tail confifts of about twenty black 
feathers ; in fome tipt with white. The cheeks and 
whole under fide of the body of a fine gloffy white: 
and the feathers, as in all this genus, which refides 
almoft perpetually on the water, are exceffively thick, 
and clofe fet: the legs are dufky. 

Thefe birds frequent our feas, lakes and rivers in 
the winter. On the Thames they arecalled /prat loons, 
for they attend that fifth during its continuance in the 
river. They are fubject to vary in the difpofition and 
form of their {pots and colors: fome having their 

necks 


eM 
4 


Class I. RED THROATED DIVER. 415 


necks furrounded with a fpeckled ring: in fome the 
Spots are round, in others oblong. 


Ii]. The RED THROATED DIVER. 


Northern Doucker./7/. orn. 343. Le Plongeon a gorge rouge—a 


Raii fyn. av. 125. gorge noire. Brifon av. vi. 
Edw. av. 97, 146. Dicom tse 2b eie 7125 Ve 
Lumme. Wormii mus. 304. - Ilandis 8 Norveg?s Loom v. Lum- 
Gunner. tab. 2. f. 2. me, Danis Lomm. Brunnich. 
Colymbus feptentrionalis. C. | 132. 


arGticus. Lin. fy. 220,221. Br. Zool 140. 
Lom, Fann. Suec. /p. 150. 


Species whofe native country we fufpect to be 

Norway; but having received one fhot in Laz- 
cafoire, and another taken alive on the river Dee, we 
give ita place here. Its fhape is more elegant than 
that of the others. The weight is three pounds: the 
length, to the tail end, two feet; to that of the toes, 
two feet four inches: the breadth three feet five in- 
ches. The head fmall and taper: the bill ftrait, and 
lefs ftrong: the fize about a fourth lefs than the pre- 
ceding. The'head and chin are of a fine uniform 
grey: the hind part of the neck marked with dufky 
and white lines, pointing downwards: the throat is 
of a dull red: the whole upper part of the body, tail 
and wings, of a deep grey almoft dufky, but the 
coverts of the wings and the back, are marked with 
a few white fpots: the underfide of the body white: 
the legs dufky. The fpecies with a black {pot on the 
neck is fuppofed to differ only in fex from this. It is 
the Eumme of the Norvegians ; is faid to breed on the 


Dd3 : fides 


Defcr. 


Defer. 


416 BLACK AND WHITE GULL.  Clafs II. 


fides of the lakes in the Northern parts of Europe, and 
to lay two eggs. 


Genus XII. (G ULE 
I. The GREAT BLACK AND WHITE GULL. 


Wil, orn. 3.44. Faun. Suec. fp. 155. : 

Raii fyn. av. 127. Danis Blaae Maage, Norwegis 

Le Goiland noir. Bri/én av. vi. Svartbag, Havmaafe. Bruanich, 
158. 145- 

Larus marinus. Liz. fyf.225. Br. Zool. 140. 


a HE weight of this fpecies is near five pounds : 
the length twenty-nine inches: the breadth 
five feet.nine. The bill is very {trong and thick, and 
almoft four inches long ; the color a pale yellow ; but 
the lower mandible is marked with a red fpot, with 
a black one in the middle. The irides yellow: the 
edges of the eye-lids orange color: the head, neck, 
whole under fide, tail and lower part of the back, are 
white: the upper part of the back, and wings, are 
black : the quil-feathers tipt with white: the legs of 
a pale flefh color. 

This kind inhabites our coafts in fmall numbers ; 
and breeds in the higheft cliffs. It feeds not only on 
fifh: but like the Raven, very greedily devours car- 
rion. Its ego is very blunt at each end; of a dufky 
olive color, quite black at the greater end; and the 
reft of it thinly marked with dufky fpots. 


II. The 


Clafs II. SK ey +r A, 417 


Mrs sdtlee 1): Siew TU) As 


Our Cataraéa, 1 fuppofe the Skua Hoieri. Clufz Exot. 368, 
Cornifo Gannet. Wil. orn. 369. 


aaa Larus Cataractes. Lin. /y. 226. 
Rati fyn. av. 128. Skua. Bruanich. ornith. 33. 
Cataractes. Sihb, Scot. tab. 14. Feroenfibus Skue. S/landis Skumr. 
Sea Eagle. S260. hifi. Fife. 46. Norvegis Kav-Oern. Brunzich. 
Le Stercoraire rayé. Briffon av. 125: 

vi. 152. Brown and ferruginous Gull. Br. 
Pontopp. Norv. ii. 96. Zool. 140. 


\ 


THIS is the moft formidable of the gull kind: 
its prey being not only fifh, bur, what is very 
wonderful in a: webbed-footed bird, all the leer forts 
of water fow], fuch as teal, &c. Mr. Schroter, a far- 
geon, in the Ferree ifles, relates that it likewife preys 
on ducks, poultry, and even young lambs. It has 
all the fiercenefs of the eagle in defending its young ; 
and attacks with vaft force thofe that attempt taking 
them. When the inhabitants of the iflands vifit the 
neft, they hold a knife erect over their heads, on 
which the Suwa will transfix itfelf in precipitating it- 

felfon the invaders. ‘The ftrength of the bill and Defer. 
claws is fuperior to that of any other of the genus; 
the former is two inches one fourth long, very much 
hooked at the end, and very fharp ; the upper man- 
dible is covered more than half way with a black cere 
or fkin, as inthe hawk kind; the noftrils are placed 
obliquely near the end, and are pervious: the legs 
are covered with large black {cales, the claws ftrong, 
fharp and crooked, thofe of the inner toes remark- 
ably fo. The feathers on the head, neck, breaft, and 
Dd 4 whole 


418 SUKS USA. Clafs IT. 


whole upper fide of the body and wings, are of a very 
deep brown, marked with ruft color in their middle: 
the upper part of the quil-feathers are dusky, the 
lower parts and the fhafts white: the tail confifts of 
twelve feathers white at their roots, and dusky all 
above; the inner coverts of the wings deep brown, 
the breaft, belly, and vent feathers, mixed with afh- 
color and red. This bird belongs to Scotland, and 


the North of England. What Mr. Ray and Mr. 


Smith * fuppofe to be the Cornifh Gannet, we thall 
fhew in another place to be a different bird. Mr. 
_Macauly + mentions a gull that makes great havoke 
among the eggs and fea fowl] of St. Kilda; it is there 
called Zulac: his defcription fuits that of the erring 
Gull; but we fufpeét he confounds thefe two kinds, 
and has transferred the manners of this fpecies to the 
latter. ; 

Linngus involves two fpecies in the article Larus 
Cataraéia; this, and the aréic bird of Mr. Edwards, 
birds of very different characters : we lament that we 
are fo frequently obliged to remark the errors of fo 
refpectable a name; but his merits in the other 
branches of natural hiftory, to which he has princi- 
pally devoted himfelf, will more than atone for his 
frequent over-fights in ornithology. M. Briffon alfo 
does not feem perfectly acquainted with this bird; for 
the fynonym of the Skua, given by him to his fifth 
gull (our brown and white gull) belongs to this {pe- 
cies; and his print of the Stercoraire rayé, Pp. 152. 


* Hift. Kerry. 
~ yf. St. Kslda, p. 158. 


iab. 


‘be 


Papal 
a iw 


Pedy 


BLACK TORD GULL. 


f 414). 


fd My ring Ah ry 
4 so fil hl 


Clas ll: BLACK TOED GULL. 41g 


tab. 13. tom. vi. to which he has given the fynonym 
of Mr. Edwards’s arctic bird, feems to be the very 
fame which we have here defcribed. 


Mie whe BLACK TOED GULL. Yad. 11. 


Cepphus, Aldr. av. iil. 38. vol. 52. 13 


ioe 
Wil. orn. 351+ - Catharacta Cepphus, Strand-hoeg. 


Rati fyn. av. 129. Bruaunich. ornith. 126. 
tke Ceppnus. Phil. Tranfact. 


on [ee S fpecies weighs eleven ounces: its length is 
fifteen inches : its breadth thirty-nine: the bill 
jis one inch and alialflong, the upper part covered 
with a brown cere: the noftrils like thofe of the 
former; the end black and crooked. The feathers of 
the forehead come pretty low on the bill: the head 
and neck are of a dirty white: the hind part of the 
latter plain, the reft marked with oblong dusky fpots. 
The breaft and belly are white, croffed with numerous 
dusky and yellowifh lines: the feathers on the fides 


and the vent, are barred tranfverfely with black and ) 


white: the back, fcapulars, coverts of the wings and 
tail, are black, beautifully edged with white or pale 
ruft color: the fhafts and tips of the quil-feathers 
are white : the exterior web, and upper half of the in- 
terior web black, but the lower pare of the latter 
white: the tail confifts of twelve black feathers tipt 
with white; the two middle of which, are near an 
inch longer than the others: the fhafts are white , 
and the exterior webs of the outmoft feather is {potted 

with 


Defer. 


420 JARTIC GUL12> Geel 


with ruft color. The legs are of a bluith lead 


Defer, 


-color: the lower part of the toes and webs black. 
A bird of this kind was taken near Oxford, and 


‘communicated to the Royal Society by Dr. Ly/ons, 
of Gloucefter. 


iV. Theo ARCTIC Gume 


The Struntjagger, or Dung- Larus Parafiticus. Lin. fi. 226. 
hunter. Marten’s Spitzberg. Swartlafle, Labben, Elof. Faux. 


87. Suec. fp. 156. 
The Ardtic Bird. Edw. av. 148, Brunnich, 127. 


149. 


W E received the female of this fpecies from the 

reverend Mr. Fletcher, of the county of Gai- 
way, who informed me it was fhot on that coaft, 
All writers that mention it agree, that it has the pro- 
perty of purfuing the leffer gulls fo long, that they 
mute for fear, and that it catches up and devours 
their excrement before they drop into the water; 
from which the name. Limmeus wittily calls it the 
Parafite, alluding to its fordid life. 

The length of this fpecies is twenty-one inches : the 
bill is dusky, about an inch and a half long, pretty 
much hooked at the end, but the ftrait part is covered 
with a fort of cere. The noftrils are narrow, and 
placed near the end, like the former. Inthe ma, the 
crown of the head is black : the back, wings, and 
tail dusky ; but the lower part of the inner webs of 
the quil-feathers white: the hind part of the neck, 
and whole underfide of the bedy white: the tail con- 

+ fifts 


Clafs IY. HERRING GULL. 424 


fitts of twelve feathers, the two middlemoft near four 
inches longer than the others: the legs black, fmall, 
and fcaly. 
_ The female was entirely brown; but of a much 
paler color below than above: the feathers in the 
middle of the tail were only two inches longer than 
the others. The fpecimen from which Mr. Edwards 
toke the figure of his female Acize bird, had loft thofe 
long feathers, fo he has omitted them in the print. 
Linneus has feparated this from its mate, his Larus 
parafiticus, and made it a fynonym to his L. Cata- 
raéies, a bird as different from this as any other 
of the whole genus. | 


V. The HERRING GULL. 


Wil. orn. 348: Faun, Suec. fp. 15 


4. 
Raii fya, av. 1276- Danis Silde-Maage. Jflandis Vey= 
Le Goiland gris. Briffon av. vi. debjalla. Brannich. 142. 
162. Br. Zool. 141. 


Larus fufcus. Liz. fy}, 125. 


HIS cull weighs upwards of thirty ounces: the 
length twenty-three inches; its breadth fifty- 

two. The bill yeilow, and the lower mandible 
marked with an orange colored f{pot: the irides fraw 
color: the edges of the eye-lids red: the head, neck, 
and tail white: the back, andcoverts of the wings, 
afh-colored: the upper pare of-the five firft quil- 
feathers are black, marked with a white fpot near their 
end: the legs of a pale flefh-color. Thefe birds 
breed on the ledges of rocks that hang over the fea: 
they make a large neft of dead grafs, and lay three 
eggs 


Defer. 


' 
/ 


422 BROWN AND WHITE GULL. Clafs IT. 


eggs of a dirty white, fpotted with black. The young 
are afh-colored, fpotted with brown; they do not 
come to their proper color the firft year: this is com- 
mon to other gulls ; which has greatly multiplied the 
{pecies among authors, who are inattentive to thefe 
particulars. This gull is a great devourer of fith, 
efpecially of that from which it takes its name: it is 
a conftant attendent on the nets, and fo bold as to 
feize its prey before the fifhermens faces. 


VI. The BROWN AND WHITE GULL. 


Great grey Gull, the Cornifh Larus Nevius, Lin. fpf. 225. 

Wagel. Wl. orn. 349. Danis Graae-Maage, Ifandis 
Raii fyz. av. 130. Kablabrinkar. Brunnich. 150. 
Le Goiland varié, oule Grifard. Br. Zool. 141. 


Briffn av. Vi. 167. tab. 15. 


FETE bird we examined, weighed thirty-two 


ounces: the length was one foot eleven inches: 
the breadth four feet eight : the irides are dusky: the 
bill black, and near three inches long. The whole 
plumage of the head and body, above and below, is 
a mixture of white, afh-color, and brown: the laft 
color occupies the middle of each feather; and in 
fome birds is pale, in others dark: the quil-feathers 
black: the lower part of the tail is mottled with 
black and white; towards the end is a brown black 
bar, and the tips are white: the legs are of a dirty 
white. 
Some have fuppofed this to be the young of the 
preceding fpecies, which (as well as the reft of the 
; eull 


Clafs II. WINTER MEW. 423 


gull tribe) {carce ever attains its true colors till after 
the firft year: but it muft be obferved, that the firft 
colors of the irides, of the quil-feathers, and of the 
tail, are in all birds permanent; thefe, as we have 
remarked, differ in each of thefe gulls fo greatly, as 
ever to preferve unerring notes of diftinction. 

This fpecies is likewife called by fome the Dung 
Hunter ; for the fame reafon as the laft is ftyled fo. 


VI. The WINTER MEW. 


Winter Mew, or Coddy Moddy. Gavia Hyberna, le Mouette 
Wil. orn. 350. . Whiver. Brifon av. vi. 139. 
Raii fyn. av. 130. Br. Zool. 142. 


ae weighs from fourteen to feventeen 

ounces : the length eightéen inches ; the breadth 
three feet nine. The irides are hazel: the bill two 
inches long, but the flendereft of any gull; it is black 
at the tip, whitifh towards the bafe. The crown of 
the head, and hind part, and fides of the neck, are 
white, marked with oblong dusky fpots; the fore- 
head, throat, middle of the breaft, belly and rump, 
-are white ; the back and fcapulars, are of a pale grey; 
the laft fpotted with brown ; the coverts of the wings 
are of a pale brown, edged with white; the firft quil- 
feather is black; the fucceeding are tipt with white : 
the tail is white, croffed near the end with a black 
bar; the legs of a dirty white. 

This kind frequents, during winter, the moift 
meadows in the inland parts of Exgland, remote from 
the fea. The gelatinous fubfance, known by the 

name 


Defer. 


Defcr. 


424 COMMON GULL. -Clafs II. 


name of Star Shot, or Star Gelly, owes its origin to 
this bird, or fome of the kind, being nothing but 
the half digefted remains of earth-worms, on which 
eee feed, and often difcharge from their 
fiomachs *. rf : 

Linneus, p. 224. makes this fpecies fynonymous 
with the Larus tridaétylus or Tarrock ; but as we have 
had opportunity of examining feveral of each fpecies, 
and find inall, thofe ftrong diftin@tions remarked in 
our defcriptions, we mutt ie affenting to the 
opinion of that eminent naturalift. 


VI. Ythe “COMMON: GUT: 


Galedor, Crocala, Galetra. 4/d-. La Mouette cendrée. Briffon av. 


av. ill. 34. Vi. 175. tab. 16. fig. 1. 
Common Sea Mall. W7z/. orz. Gabbiano minore. Zizan. 115. 
345s Larus canus. Lin. fy. 224. 


Camano Sea Mall, or Mew. Br. Zool. 142. 
Raii fyn. av. 127. 


f Ll \HIIS is the moft numerous of the genus. It 

breeds on the ledges of the cliffs that impend 
over the fea: in winter they are found in vaft flocks 
on all our fhores. They differ a little in fize; one 
we examined weighed twelve ounces and a half: its 
length was feventeen inches: its breadth thirty-fix ; 
the bill yellow: the head, neck, tail, and whole un- 
der fide of the body, a be white: the back, and 
coverts of the wings, a pale grey : near the end of the 
greater quil-feathers was a black fpot: the legs a 
dull white, t tinged with green. 


* Vide Morton's Nat. Hil, Northampt, p. 353. 
1X. The. 


~ 


G@Gik A@HRROICK. 42% 


iki Une TA R-RiO.ax, 


La Monette cendrée. Below av. Larus trida&ylus. Lin. ff. 224. 
169. Faun, Suec. fp. 157. 
Gaviacinerea alia. A/dr, av, iil. La Mouette cendrée tachetée, 


BGs Briffon av. Vi. 185. tab, GaP 
Wil. orn. 346. Jibs 2s 
Raii fyn. av. 128. Br. Zool. 142. 


ae leneth is fourteen inches; the breadth Deter. 


three feet: the weight only feven ounces. 
The bill is black, fhort, thick, and ftrong, the head 
large: the color of that, the throat, neck, and whole 
under fide are white: near each ear, and under the 
throat, isa black fpot: on the hind part of the neck 
is a black crefcent, the horns pointing to the throat: 
the back and fcapulars are of a bluifh grey: the leffer 
coverts of the wings dusky, edged with grey; the - 
larger next to them, of the fame color ; the reft grey: 
the exterior fides, and ends of the four firft quil- 
feathers are black: the tips of the two next black ; all 
the reft wholly white: the ten middle feathers of the 
tail white, tipt with black; the two outmoft quite 
white : the legs of a dusky afh-color. In lieu of the 
back toe, it has only a {mall protuberance, which is a 
certain character of this kind. 


xX. The 


Defcr. 


426 PEWAPT GU EL. Clafs If.- 


x The PE Wit’ G Ube: 


Cepphus Turneri. Gefner av. Puit. Fuller's Brit. worthies. 318. 


249. € La Mouette rieufe a pattes 
Larus cinereus tertius. A/dr. av. rouges. Briffon av. vi. 196. 

ii). 35. Gabbiano cinerizio col roftro, e 
Pewit, or Black Cap, Sea Crow, col li piedi roffi. Zizan. 115. 

Mire Crow. W2/. 347. Larus ridibundus. Lin. /jff. 225. 
Raii fyn. av. 128. itiz. 217. Br. Zool. 143- 


Pewit. Plotz’s bift. Staff. 231. 


HESE birds breed in vaft numbers, in the 
iflands of certain pools in the county of Staf- 
ford; and, as Dr. Fuller tells us, in another on the 
Effex fhores. They are birds of paffage; refort there 
in the fpring ; and after the breeding feafon difperfe 
to the fea coafts: they make their neft on the ground, 
with rufhes, dead grafs, and the like; and lay from 
four to fix eggs, of a dirty olive color, marked with 
black. The young were formerly highly efteemed, 
and numbers were annually taken, and fattened for 
the table. Plott gives a marvellous account of their 
attachment to the lord of the foil they inhabite ; in- 
fomuch that on his death, they never fail to fhift their 
quarters for a certain time. 

The notes of thefe gulls diftinguifh them from any 
others ; being like a boarfe laugh. Their weight is 
about ten ounces: their length fifteen inches; their 
breadth thirty-feven. Their bills and legs are of a 
fanguine red: the heads and throats black or dusky : 
the neck, and all the under fide of the body, andthe tail, 
a pure white: back and wings afh-colored: tip, and 

exterior 


Clafs I. SMALL BROWN GULL. 427 


exterior edge of the firft quil-feather black ; the reft 
of that feather white; the next to that, tipe with 
black, and marked with the fanie on the inner web. 


IX. The SMALL BROWN GULL. 


The brown Tern. Wil. orn, Sterna nigra. Lin. ff. 227. 
352. Faun. Suec. /p. 159+ 
Sterna fufca. Razi /yn. av. 131. Br. Zool. 143. 


R. Rey has left us the following obfcure ac- 
count of this bird; communicated to him by 
Mr. Fobnfon, a York/bire gentieman. ‘ The whole p.,, 
“* under-fide is white; the upper brown: the wings 
“< oartly brown, partly afh-color: the head black : 
*¢ the tail not forked: thefe birds fly in companies.” 
From the defcription, we fufpect this bird to be 
the young of the next fpecies, that had not yet at- 
tained its proper colors, nor the long feathers of the 
tail, which it does not acquire till mature age. 
Befides this, Sidba/d has left us the name and figure 
of a gull that breeds in the Ba/s ile; he calls it 
Kittiwake ; and adds, that it is the fize of a pigeon, 
and as good meat as a partridge *. 


* Sib. bi. Scot. 20. tab. 16. fig. 2. Hit. Fife. 44. 


Ee Genus 


Defer. 


428 GREATER TERN. Chafsil. 


Genus XV... TE RoW Ss 


Il. The GREATER TERM 


Sterna (Stim, Spyrer,Schnirring) The Kirmew. Marten’s Spitz= 


Gefuer av. 586. berg. 92. 
Aldr, au. iii, 35. Ylandis Kria, Norvegis ‘Tenne, 
The Sea Swallow. W21. orn. 352. Tende, Tendelobe, Sand- 
Raitt fyn.av 131. Tolle, Sand-Tzrrne. Danis 
Sterna major, la grande Hiron- Tame. Bornholmis  Kirre, 
delle de mer. Briffon av. vi. Krop-Kirre. Brunnés). 151. 
203. fab. 19. jig. 1. Grauer fifcher. Kram. 345. 


Sterna hiruando. Lia. fy. 227. Br. Zool. 144. 
Tarna. Faun. Suec. /p. 159. 


‘ 


Poe kind weighs four ounces, one-quarter: the 


length is fourteen inches; the breadth thirty: 
the bill and feet are of a fine crimfon; the former 
tipt with black, ftrait, flender, and fharp pointed : 
the crown, and hind part of the head, black: the 
throat, and whole under fide of the body, white: the 
upper part, and the coverts of the wings, a fine pale 
grey: the tail confifts of twelve feathers ; the exterior 
edges of the three outmoft are grey, the reft white: 
the exterior, on each fide, is two inches longer than 
the others: in flying, the bird frequently clofes them 
together, fo as to make them appear one flender 
feather. ‘Thefe birds frequent the fea fhores, banks 
of lakes and rivers: they feed on fmall fifh, and 
water infects ; hovering over the water, and fuddenly 


* A name thefe birds are known by in the North of England; 
ene wie 


and which we fabftitute inftead of the old compound one of Sea 

Swallow; which was given them on account of their forked 
fails 

ing 

darting 


Casi. LESSER TERN. 429 


darting into it, catch up their prey. They breed 
among {mall tufts of rufhes; and lay three or four 
egos, of a dull olive color, {potted with black. All 
the birds of this genus are very clamorous. 


. 


lie Phe Li bSS ER TERN, 


-Larus pifcator (Fifcherlin, Fel.) La petite Hirondelle de mer, 
Gefner av. 537. fig. 588. . Briffon av. vi. 206. tab. 19. 


Aldr. av. iil. 35. fig: 


Leffler Sea Swallow. Wil. ora. Lanis Minata, Lin. Syl. 228. 
Bra: Hetting Verne. Brunanich. 152. 
Raii fyn. av. 13% Br. Zool, 144. 


HE manners, haunts, and food of this are the 
fame with the former : but the fpecies are more 

numerous. The weight is only two ounces five Defcr, 
grains: the length eight inches and a half; the 
breadth nineteen anda half. The bill is yellow, tipt 
with black: the forehead and cheeks white: from 
the eyes to the bill is a black line: the top of the 
head, and hind part black: the breaft, and under 
fide of the body, cloathed with feathers fo clofely fet 
together, and of fuch an exquifite rich glofs, and fo 
fine a white, that no fatin can be compared to it: the 
back and wings of a pale grey: the tail fhort, lefs 
forked than that of the former, and white: the legs 
yellow : the irides dusky. Thefe two fpecies are very 
delicate, and feem unable to bear the inclemency of 
the weather, on our fhores * during winter: for we 
obferve they quit their breeding places at the ap- 
proach of it; nor return till fpring, 


* North Wales, 
Ee 2 III. The 


Defer. 


is BLACK TERN.  @biean 4 


/ 


Il. Ther BLA C KK. Tia: 


Larus niger (Mey ype) Ge/ner No. 6, 
aU. 588. fig. 589- L’Epouvantail, Briffon av. Vie 
Aldr. av. iii. 35 211. tab. 20. fig. I. 
‘The Scare Cae Wil. orn. 353. Sterna fillpes. Lin. jf. 228. 
Our black cloven-footed Gull. Sielanais Glitter, Brunnich 153. 
Idem. 354.» Br. Zool. 145. 


“Rait fyn. av. 131. idem 132. , 


f*3°HIS is of a middle fize, between the firft and 
i fecond fpecies. The head, neck, breaft and 
belly, as far as the vent are black ;. beyond is white : 
the male has a white fpot under its chin: the back 
and wings are of a deep afh-color; the tail is fhort 
and forked; the exterior feather on each fide 
is white; the others afh-colored: the legs and feet 
of a dufky red. Mr. Ray calls this a cloven- 
footed gull; as the webs are deprefled in the 
middle, and form a crefcent. Thefe birds fre- 
quent frefh waters; .and breed on their banks, 
among the reeds, 


Genus 


Claisil, |, FULMAR. 431 


Genus XVI OPE TR E’pys: 


Eo the FU Moa 


Wil, orn. 3.95. Lin. fyft. 213. 
Fulmar. Martin's voy. St. Kilda, "The Majlemucke. Marten’s Spitz- 
30. Defer. weft. ifles. 283 berg. 93. 


Palmer. Macauly’s biff, St. Kilda. Hav-Heft. Gunzer, tab. 1. 
Procellaria glacialis. Brunnich 


4 

Hafhen. Clufii exot. 368. arnith., 1133. 

Procellaria cinerea, le Petrel cen- Norveg?s Hav-Heft, Mallemoke 
dré. Brifon av. vie 143. v. Mallemuke, Brunnich. 118. 
tab. 12. fig. 2. Br. Zool. 145. 

Pl. enl. 59. 


0 as fpecies inhabites the ifle of St. Kilda: 

makes its appearance there in November, and 
continues the whole year, except September and Offo- 
ber ; it lays a large, white, and very brittle ege¢; and 
the young are hatched the middle of Fuze. No bird 
is of equal ufe to the iflanders as this: the Fulmar 
fupplies them with oil for their lamps, down for their 
beds, a delicacy for their tables, a balm for their 
wounds, anda medicine for their diftempers. ‘he 
fulmar is alfo a certain prognofticator of the change 
of the wind ; if it comes to land, no weft wind is ex- 
pected for fome time; and the contrary when it re- > 
turns and keeps at fea. 

The whole genus of Petre/s have a peculiar pile 
of fpouting from their bills, to a confiderable dif- 
tance, a large quantity of pure oyl; which they do 
by way of defence, into the face of any that attempts 

Be to 
4 


432 FULMAR. Clafs II. 


totakethem: * fo that they are, for the fake of this 
panacea, feized by furprize ; as this oil is fubfervient 
to the above-mentioned medical ufes. Martin tells 
us, it has been uled in London and Edenburgh with fuc- 
cefs, in Rheumatic cafes. : 

The fizeof this birdis rather fuperior to that of the 
common gull: the bill very ftrong, much hooked at 
the end, and of a yellow color. The noftrils are 
compofed of two large tubes, lodged in one 
fheath: the head, neck, whole under fide of the 
body, and tail, are white; the back, and coverts 
of the wings afh-colored: the quil-feathers dusky : 
the legs yellowith. In lieu of a back toe, it has only 
a fort of fpur, or fharp ftrait nail. Thefe birds feed 
on the blubber or fat of whales, &c. which, being 
foon convertible into oil, fupplies them conftantly 
with means of defence, as well as provifion for their 
young, which they caft_up into their mouths, They 
are likewife faid to feed on /orrel, which they ufe to 
qualify the unctious diet they live on. 

Frederick Martens, who had opportunity of feeing 
vaft numbers of thefe birds at Spitzbergen, obferves, 
that they are very bold, and refort after the whale 
fifhers in great flocks, and that when a whale is 
taken, will, in fpite of all endeavours, light on itand 
pick out large lumps of fat, even when the animal is 
alive. That the whales are often difcovered at fea 

* In the General Advertifer, for Fune, 1761, is the following re- 
markable account from the J/eof Mu//. A gentleman of the name 


of Campbell, being fowling among the rocks, and having mounted 
a ladder to take fome birds out of their holes ; was fo furprized, by 


one of this fpecies fpurting a quantity of oy] in his face, that he 
quitted his hold, fell down, and perifhed. a 
by 


Clafs IT. SHEAR-WATER.’ 433 


by the multitudes of Mallemuckes fying ; and that 
when one of the former are wounded, prodigious 
multitudes immediately follow its bloody track. He 
adds, that it is a moft gluttonous bird, eating till it is 


forced to difgorge its food, 


Il. The SHEAR-WATER. 


Avis Diomedea, Artenna. d/dr, Procellaria Puffinus. Lin. fpf. 
av. ili. 36. 2136 

Manks Poffin, W2/. orn. 333. Paffinus, le Puffin. Brifan av. vi. 

Raii fyn. av. 134. 


Shear-water. édem. 133. riety of it. 
Wil. orn. 334. Feroenfibus Skrabe. Norwegis 


Patines de oviedo. Rai /yn. av. Skraap,Pullus. FeroenfbusLiere, 
Brunnich. 119. 


Ig!. 
Edw. av. 359: Manks Petrel. Br, Zool. 146. 
oar {pecies is about the fize of the common 

gull; the bill is an inch and three-quarters 
long ; the noftrils tubular, but not very prominent : 
the head, and whole upper fide of the body, wings, 
tail, and thighs, are of a footy blacknefs ; the under 
fide from chin to tail, and inner coverts of the wings, 
white: the legs weak, and compreffed fideways; 

dufky behind, whitifh before. | 
Thefe birds are found inthe Calf of Man: and, as 
Mr. Ray fuppofes, in the Scz/ly-ifles : they refort to the 
former. in February; take a fhort poffeffion of the 
rabbet borrows, and then difappear till 4pri/: they 
lay one egg ; and the young are fit to be taken the be- 
ginning of Augut,; when great numbers are killed 
by the perfon who farms the ifle: they are falred and 
barrelled ;.and when they are boiled, are eat with 
Here potatoes, 


131. fab. 12. fig. 1.18 a va- 


Defer, 


Defer. 


| LYST TERE Ge TRE 


potatoes. During the day they keep at fea, fifhing ; 
and towards evening return to their young; whom 
they feed, by difcharging the contents of ‘their 
ftomachs into their mouths; which by that time is 
turned into oil. They quit the ifle the latter end of 
Auguf, or beginning of September; and, from ac- 
counts lately received from navigators, we have rea- 
fon to imagine, that like the /lorm-finch, they are dif- 
perfed over the whole 4#/aniic ocean. 


Ill. The SOR ME TN GEE 


Clafs H. - 


The Storm-finck. Clufi exot. 
368. 

Wil. orn. 395. 

Small Petrel. Edw. av. go. 

Borlafe’s Cornwal. 247. tab. 29. 

The Gourder. Smith’s hif. Kerry. 
136. 

Afflag. Martin's voy. St. Kilda. 


34- 
Sib. bift. Fife. 48. 
Proceliaria, le Petrel. Briffon av. 


vi. 140. tab. 13. fig. 1. 
Procellaria pelagica. Liz. fy. 

212. 2 
Stormwaders vogel. Faun. Suec. 


Sp. 143. 

Norveg7s Soren Peder. St. Peders 
Fugl, Veften-vinds Are. Son- 
den-vinds Fug], Uveyrs Fugl 
nonnullis, Hare.  Feroenfibus 
Strunkvit. Bray. 117. 

Little Petrel. Br. Zool. 146. 


ry HIS bird is about the fize of the houfe fwallow; 
4 but the wings are of a much greater length. 
The whole bird is black, except the coverts of the tail 
and vent-feathers, which are white: the bill is hook- 
ed at the end; the noftrils tubular : the legs flender, 
and long. It has the fame faculty of {pouting oil 
from its bill, as the other fpecies: and Mr. Brunmch 
tells us, that the inhabitants of the Ferroe ifles make 
this bird ferve the purpofes of a candle, by drawing a 
wick through the mouth and rump, which being 
lighted, 


Gai .STORMFINCEH 435 


lighted, the flame is fed by the fat and oil of the body. 
Except in breeding time it is always at fea; and is 
feen all over the vaft Atlantic ocean, at the ereateft 
diftance from land: it prefages bad weather, and 
cautions the feamen of the approach of a tempeft, by 
‘collecting under the ftern of the fhips: it braves the 
utmoft fury of the ftorm, fometimes fkimming with 
incredible velocity along the hollows of the waves, 
fometimes on the fummits: Clu/us makes it the 
Camilla of the-fea. 


‘Vel mare per medium fluCtu fufpenfa tumenti 
Ferret iter, celeres nec tingeret equore plantas. 


Thefe birds are the Cyp/elit of Pliny, which he places 
among the Apodes of Arifiotle: not becaufe they 
wanted feet, but weré Kaxomed'a2*, or had bad, or ufe- 
lefs ones ; an attribute he gives to thefe fpecies, on a 
fuppofition they were almoft always on the wing. 
Hardouin, a critick quite unfkilled in natural hiftory, 
imagines them to be martins, the Cyp/elli of Ariffo- 
tle+: but a little attention to the text of each of thofe 
antient naturalifts, is fufficient to evince that they are 
very different birds; the latter very accurately def- 
cribes the characters of that fpecies of {wallow: while 
Pliny expreffes the very manner of life of our Perel, 

“© Nidificant in fcopulis, hae funt que foto mari cer- 
nuntur: nec unquam tam longo naves, tamque con- 
tinuo curfu recedunt a terra, ut non circumvolitent 
eas Apodes.” Lid. x. ¢. 39. 


* Arift. VF. a 
+ P. 1067. 


Genus 


436 GOOSANDER. Ch Ii 


Genus XVII. GOOSANDERS, 


Ie. Thei\G 0 0.8 AcN Di Bik, 


Mergus cirrhatus ( fem.) Ge/ner Meer-rache. Kram. 343. 
av.i34. Merganier (Merrach) Mergus merganfer. Liz. yf. 208, 


eis Wrakfogel, Kjorkfogel, Ard, 
Aldr. av. iii. 133. Skraka. Faun. Suec. /p. 135. 
Goolander, Wil. orn. 335. Pekfok. Crantz’s Greenl, 1. 80. 
Dan diver, orSparling-fowl.zbzd. J/flandisSkior-And. Janis Skalle- 
Rati fin. av. 134. fluger. Brunnich. 92. & 93. 


Merganfer, PHarle. Brifon av. Br. Zool. 147. 
¥1. 231. 740; 22. 


ke ee birds frequent our rivers, and other 
frefh waters, efpecially in hard winters; they 
Defer, are great divers, and live on fifh. The male weighs 
four pounds: its length is two feet four inches ; the 
breadth three feet two. The biil is three inches long, 
narrow, and finely toothed, or ferrated: the color of 
that, and the irides is red. The head is large, and 
the feathers on the hind part long and loofe : the color 
black, finely glofied with green: the upper part of 
the neck the fame: the lower part, and under fide of 
the body of a fine pale yellow : the upper part of the 
back, and inner {capulars are black: the lower part 
of the back, and the tail are afh-colored: the tail 
confifts of eighteen feathers : the greater quil-feathers 
are black, the lefler white, fome of which are edged 
with black: the coverts at the fetting on of the wing 
are black ; the reft white: the legs of a deep orange 
color. 


The. 


Clafs If. LESSER DUN DIVER. 437 


The dun Diver, or female, is lefs than the male: 
the head, and upper part of the neck are ferruginous; 
the throat white: the feathers on the hind part are 
long, and form a pendent creft: the back, the 
coverts of the wings, and the tail are of a deep afh- 
color: the greater quil-feathers are black, the leffer 
white : the breaft, and middle of the belly are white, 
tinged with yellow. | 

We believe that Belon* defcribes this fex under the 
title of Bieure oyfeau, and afferts, that it builds its 
neft on rocks and in trees like the Corvorant. 


I]. The LESSER DUN DIVER. 


Anas Longiroftra, Ge/ner av. 237 


133. Braun kopfiger Tilger, Taucher, 
Aldr. av. ii. 113. Kram. 343. 
The Serula. W2/. orn. 336. Mergus ferrator. Lin. fi/?. 208. 
Raiz fn. av. 135. Pracka. Faun. Suec. /p. 136. 
Leffer toothed Diver. Morton's Danis Fifk-And, Brunnich 96. 
Northampt. 429. — Br. Zool. 147. 


L’Harle hupé. Brifon av. vi. 


i Sas fpecies weighs two pounds : the leneth is 
one foot nine inches; the breadth two ‘feet 
feven : the bill is three inches long, the lower man- 
dible red; the upper dufky: the irides a purplifh red: 
the head, and upper part of the neck of a deep ruft 
color ; the former adorned with a pendent creit : the 
throat white: the fore part of the neck and the breatt 
are marbled with deep afh-color: the belly is white: 


® Belon av. 163. 
the 


Defer, 


Defer. 


438 SME W. Clafs II. 


the greater quil-feathers are black; the leffer have 
their upper halves white: the coverts on the ridge of 
the wings are afh-color; the next are white; and the 
loweft tipt with black: the back, fcapulars, and tail 
are afh-colored. Mr. Briffon defcribes this as the fe- 
male of the red breafted Goofander. Edw. av. 95. 
Mr. Willoughby too fufpects that its male reprefents 
fome bird fimilar to the Goofander: as the former is 
frequent in the Baltic fea*, the fpecies we defcribe 
may prove only its female; and, as is fometimes the 
cafe with other birds, the femaleonly migrates. 


t 


I. The SM EW. 


| 


a Piette. Belon av. 171. Faun. Suec. fp. 13,7. 


Mergus rhenanus. Gée/ner av. Le petit harle hupé ou le Piette. 
131- Briffon av. vi. 243, tab. 240 

Aldr. av. iit. 111. Fig. 1 & 2. 

White Nun. Wil. ora. 337. Kram. 344. 

Lough Diver. 338. Cimbris Hviid Side, Brannich 97. 

Raii fin. av. 135. Br. Zool. 148, 


Mergus albellus, Liz. ff. 209. 


TS weight is thirty-four ounces: the length 

eighteen inches; the breadth twenty-fix. The 
bill is near two inches long, and of a lead color: the 
head is adorned with a long creft, white above, black 
beneath :’ frorn a little beyond the eye to the bill, isa 
large oval black fpot, gloffed with green; the head, 
neck, and whole under fide of the body are of a pure 
white; on the lower pare of the neck are two femi- 


* Prunaich ornith. 23. 
lunar 


—— 


Clafs II. RED HEADED SMEW. 439 


lunar black lines pointing forward : the inner {capu- 
lars, the back, the coverts on the ridge of the wing, 
and the greater quil-feathers are black; the middle 
rows of coverts are white ; the next black, tipt with 
white; the leffer quil-feathers the fame; the f{capu- 
lars next the wings white: the tail deep afh-color : the 
legs a bluifh grey. 

The female, or /ough diver, is lefs than the male: 
The marks in the wings are the fame in both fexes: 
the back, the fcapulars, and the tail are dufky: the 
head, and hind part of the neck ferruginous: chin, 
and fore part of the neck white: the breaft clouded 
with grey: the belly white: the legs dufky. 


IV. The RED HEADED SMEW. 


The Weefel Coot. 4/b. av. i. L’Harle etoilé. Brifox av. vi. 


p- 84. tab. 38. 25 2 
Mergus minutus. Lin. fy. 209. Br. Zool. 148. 
Faun. Suec. fp. 138. 


HIS bird weighs fifteen ounces: the length is 

one foot four inches; the breadth one foot ele- 

ven inches: the bill is of a lead color: the head is 
flightly crefted, and of a ruft color: from beyond 
the eyes to the bill is an oval black {pot: the cheeks 
and throatare white: the hind part of the neck is of 
a deep grey; the fore part clouded with a lighter: 
the belly white: the back and tail are of a dufky 
afh-color: the legs of a pale afh-color: the wings 
have exactly the fame marks and colors with the 
{mew ; and as the {paces between the eyes and bill are 
marked 


Defer, 


440 WILD SWAN. = ClafsIl. . 


marked -with a fimilar fpot in both, -if authors did 
not agree to make the lugh diver the female of that 
bird, we fhould fuppofe this to be it. 


Genus. XVIII.:; : DU -GeKaa, 


f° The W ELD? S Waa 


Geyner AV. 373. Schwane. Kram. 338. ‘ 

Wild Swan, Elk, or Hooper, Anas Cygnus ferus. Lin. fpf. 
Wil. orn. 356. 194. 

Raii fyn. av.136. Swan, Faun. Suec. fp. 107. 

Edw. av. 150. Danis Vild Svane.- Cimbris Sna-~ 

Le Cygne fauvage. Brifon av.  bel-Svane. Brunnich 44. 


Vi. 292. tab. 28. Br. Zool. 149. add. plates.; 


“pee wild fwan frequents our coafts in hard 
winters in large flocks, but as far as we can in- 
form ourfelves does not breed in Great-Britain. 
Martin * acquaints us, that fwans come in Ofober in. 
great numbers to Lingey, one of the we/ferm ifles; and 
continue there till March, when they retire more 
northward to breed. Theie, as well as moftother water 
fowl, prefer for that purpofe thofe places that are left 
frequented by mankind: accordingly we find that 
the lakes and forefts of the diftant Lapland are filled 
during fummer with myriads of water fowl, and 
there fwans, geefe, the duck tribe, goofanders, divers, 
&c. pafs that feafon; but in autumn return to us, 
and to other more hofpitable fhores +. 


* Defer, Aen ifles, 71. 
t Flora Lapponica, 273. Ovuvres de M. de Maupertuis. tom. 36 
Pp: I4I¢ 


Clafs IT. TAME SWAN. AAI 


This fpecies is lefs than the tame fwan. The 
lower part of the bill is black; the bafe of it and the 
{pace between that and the eyes is covered with a 
naked yellow skin ; the eyelids are bare and yellow: 
the whole plumage in old birds is of a pure white; 
the down is very-foft and thick : the legs dusky. The 
cry of this kind is very loud, and may be heard at a 
ereat diftance, from which it is fometimes called 


the Hooper. 


Yl. The TAME SWAN, 


Le Cygne. Belon av. 151. Le Cygne. Brion av. vi. 288. 
Gefner avs. 371. Anas Cygnus manfnetus. Zig, 


Cygno, Cifano. Aldr.av.ill.t. iff. 194. 

Wil. orn. 355- Swan. Faun. Suec. fp. 107. 

Raii fyn. av. 136. © Danis Tam Svane. Bruxrich 44. 
Edu. av. 150. Er. Zool. 14g. add. plates, 


Plott’s bift. Staffs 228. 


BNHIS is the larceft of the Brit birds; it js 
_ diftinguifhed externally from the wild fwan; 
firft by its fize, being much larger: fecondly by the 


Defer, 


Defer. 


bill, which in this is red, and the tip and fides black, ; 


and the skin between the eyes and bill is of the fame 
color: over the bafe of the upper mandible projets a 
black callous knob: the whole plumage in old birds 
is white; in young ones afh-colored ; the legs dusky : 
but Dr. Plott mentions a variety found on the Trent 


p: 141, 175. according to the obfervation of that illuftrious writer, 
the Lapland lakes are filled with the Jarwe of the Knat. 
(culex pipiens. Liz. fj. 602.) or fome other infeet, that depotites 
its eggs in the water ; which being an agreeable food to water fowl, 
is another caufe of their refort to thofe deferts, 

heat 


fae TAME SWAN.  Chf IL 


near Rugely, with red legs. The fwan lays feven or 
eight eggs, and is near two months in hatching ; it 
feeds on water plants, infects and fhells. No bird per- 
haps makes fo inelegant a figure out of the water, or 
has the command of fuch beautiful attitudes in that 
element as the fwan: almoft every poet has taken 
notice of it, but none with that juftice of def- 
cription, or in fo picturefque a manner, as our 


Milton. 


The fwan with arched neck 
Between her white wings mantling, proudly rows 
Her flate with oary feet. Par, Loft, b. vii. 


But we cannot help thinking he had here an eye to 
that beautiful paffage in Sclus Italicus on the fame 
fubject, though the Engli/h poet has greatly improved 


on it. 


Haud fecus Eridani flagnis, ripave Cay/fri 
Innatat albus olor, pronoque immobile corpus 
Dat fluvio, et pedibus tacitas eremigat undas. Lib, 14. 


To former times it was ferved up at every great 
feaft, when the elegance of the table was meafured by 
the fize and quantity of the good cheer. Cygnets 
are to this day fattened at Norwich about Chriftmas, 
and are fold for a guinea a piece. 

Swans were formerly held in fuch great efteem in 
England, that by an act of Edward IV. c. 6. ** noone 
that poffeffed a freehold of lefs clear yearly value than 
five marks, was permitted to keep any, other than 
the fon of our fovercign lord the king.” And by the 
eleventh of Henry VII. c.17. the punifhment for taking 

3 their 


a 


Casi. TAME SWAN. 443 


their eggs was imprifonment for a year and a day, 
and a fine at the king’s will. Though at prefenc 
they are not fo highly valued as a delicacy, yet great 
numbers are preferved for their beauty; we fee 
multitudes on the Tames and Trent, but no where 
greater numbers than on the falt water inlet of the 
fea, near Abbot/bury in Dorfetfbire. 

Thefe birds were by the ancients confecrated to 


Apollo and the Mujes ; 


——— Se HUKVOS ueAweos 


Moves Segumevere Eurip. Ipbig. in Taur. lin. 1104, 


And Callimachus in his hymn Uren the ifland of Delos 
is ftill more particular, 


Kuxyer d¢ Ssov redsrorles ceot dds 
\ > \ 
Mnoviov TWHATWAGY EXVHAWOAYTO AbTOYTES 
’ ~ NV) 
ECdopacenss segs Anrdye earnssoay o8 Aoxein 
Moveawy doudes, acordoraras weTenvy. 
EvSev 0 wes Toooccoe Aven EvEOnouTO ogous’ 


e ‘ \ cy) x a sy 
Ycreecr, OTTAKXb KUKVOb ET WOWETObY AEIT Ave 


2» 
Oydoor ex‘ er nercay, 6 0 eudogey. 


——-when from Pagolus’ golden banks 

‘Apollo’s tuneful fongfters, fnowy {wans 

Steering their flight, feven times their circling courfe 
Wheel round the ifland, caroling mean time 

Soft melody, the favourites of the Nine, 


‘Thus ufhering to birth with dulcet founds 
‘The God of harmony, and hence fev’n firings 


Hereafter to his golden lyre he gave 
For ere the eighth foft concert was begun 
He fprung to birth. _ Dad?s Callimachas, p. Lig. 


Upon this idea of their being peculiarly confecrated to 
Apollo and the Mufes, (the deities of harmony) feems 
Ff to 


444 TAME SWAN. Clafs IT. 


to have been ingrafted, the notion the antients had of 
fwans being endowed witha mufical voice. Tho’ this 
might be one reafon for the fable; yet, to us there ap- 
pears another {till ftronger, which arofe from the Pytha- 
gorean doctrine of the tranfmigration of the foul 
into the bodies of animals; from the belief, that 
the body of the fwan was allotted for the man- 
fion of departed poets. Thus Plato makes his pro- 
phet fay, Sew wey yap aLuxny con Tur more opesam yevomerny 
xunve Brov ecpsycrny™®, ‘* I faw the foul of Orpheus pre- 
fer the life of a fwan”. wage 

After the antients had thus furnifhed thefe 
birds with fuch agreeable inmates, it is not to 
be doubted but they would attribute to them the fame 
powers of harmony, thatthe poets poffeffed, previous 
ro their tranfmigration: but the vulgar not diftin- 
cuifhing between the {weetnefs of numbers, and that 
of voice, ignorantly believed that to be real, which 
philofophers and poets only meant metaphorically. 

In time a {wan became acommon trope for a Bard; 

Tovace calls Pindar Dirceum Cygnum, and in one ode 

even fuppofes himfelf changed into a fwan; Vir- 
gil {peaks of his poetical brethren in the fame man- 
ner, 


Vare, toum nomen 
Cantantes fublime ferent ad fydera cygni. Eclog. 1X. 


when he fpeaks of them figuratively, he afcribes to 
them melody, or the power of mufick; but when he 
talks of them as birds, he lays afide fiction, and like 
a true naturalift gives them their real note, 


Dant fonitum rauei per ftagnaloquaciacygni. nei. lib. xi- 


* De Republ. lib. x. fub fine. 
Thus 


Claf I. TAME SWAN. 445 


Thus he, as well as Piy*, in fact, gave no 
credit to the mufick of {wans. AAriftotle fpeaks of 
it only by hearfay +, but, when once an error is 
ftarted, it is not furprizing that it is adopted, 
efpecially by poets, geniufes of all others of the moft 
unbounded imaginations, For this reafon poets were 
{aid to animate fwans, from the notion that they flew 
higher than any other birds, and He/od diftinguifhes 
them by the epithet Of xuxvor acpormoras T; “the lofty 
flying fwans”; Thus Horace whilft he humbly com- 
pares himfelf to a bee, contenting itfelf with the creep- 
ing thyme, fends his Dircaum Cygnum into the clouds, 


Malta Dirceum levat aura cygnum, 
Tendit, Aztonz, quoties in altos 
Nubium tractus. Ode. II. lib. 4, 


but when he finds himfelf ftruck with a true poetical 
fpirit, he at once affumes the form of this favourite 
bird, 

Non ufitata nec tenui feror 

Penna, biformis per liquidum zthera 


Vates: 
et album mutor in alitem. Ode. 20, lib. 2. 


And doubtlefs he was on the wing in his firft ode, 
Sublimi feriam fydera vertice. 


Befides thefe opinions the antients held another Alill 
more fingular, imagining that the {wan foretold its 
own end: to explain this we muft conficer the two- 


eee ak.) C.y 23 
+ Hi?. an. 1045. 
£ Scat. Herc. 1. 316. 
Fi 2 fold 


446 TAME SWAN. Clafs If. 


fold character of the poet, Yates and Pocta, which the 
fable of the tranfmigration continue to the bird, or 
they might be fuppofed to derive that faculty from 
Apollo* their patron deity, the god of prophecy and 
divination. 

As to their being fuppofed to fing more fweetly at 
the approach of death, the caufe is beautifully explained 
by Plato, who attributes that unufual melody, to the 
fame fort of Ec/afy that good men are fometimes faid 
to enjoy at that awful hour, forefeeing the joys that 
are preparing for them on putting off mortality, 
May]inor Te e1ot, vas meoeidoTes Ta ev Ad's ayadta, adsat Te, 
Hey TepTOVTAL SKELVNY THY Neoay AtagecovTwS H, ey TH WeodEY 
Kev an 

This notion tho’ accounted for by Plato, feems to 
have been a popular one long before his time, for 
A fchylus alludes to it in his Agamemnon, Clytemnefira 
{peaking of Caffandra, fays, 


——n &¢ Tor, xvevs Dixy, 
Toy usatoy uerrace Savartuoy yo0V, 
Keras. 


* Platonis Phedo, ed. Cantab. 1683. p. 124. 

+ Ibid. «* They become prophetic, and forefeeing the happi- 
nefs which they fhall enjoy in another ftate, are in greater ex- 
ftacy than they have before experienced.” 

She like the Swan 
Ex({piring, dies in melody. 


I. The 


Clafs Il. @'O.0.5) 8; 447 


Mi ithe: GO} Si, 


L’Oye privée, L’Oye Sauvage. Perzia wypufchiat. Rufs. N. Com. 


Belon av. 156. 158. Petr. iv. 418. 
Gefner av. 142. 158. Wild ganfs, Einheimifche ganfs. 
Aldr. av. Ni. 42. 67. Kram. 338. 


Tame Goofe, common wild Anas anfer manfuetus — ferus. 
Goole. Wil. orn. 358. /p. 15 2+ Lin. fjft. 197+ 


Raii fyn. av. 136. Jp. 3, 4: Gas.—will gas. Faun. Suec. /p. 
L’Oye domeftique, ?Oyefauvage. 114. 
Briffin av. vi. 262, 265. Crantz’s Greenl. i. 80. 
Oca domettica, Salvatica, Balet- Danis Tam Gaas. Brunnich 55° 
ta. Zinan. 104. Br, Zool. 150. 


HE goofe, in its wild ftate always retains the 
fame marks: the whole upper part is afh-co- Defr. 

lored, or brown a little clouded: the breaft and belly 
are of a dirty white: the vent feathers, and thofe in- 
cumbent on the tail are of a pure white: the quil fea- 
thers and the ‘tail are dusky; the latter edged with 
white: the bill is very narrow; the bafe and nail black: 
the middle red; the legs a faffron color, the claws 
black. In the tame ftate, geefe as well as other 
domeftic animals vary almoft infinitely in their marks; 
but thefe birds ever retain the white ring round their 
tail, a fign of their origin from the wild kind: they 
are faid to be very long lived. Mr, Willoughdy gives 
an example of one that attained eighty years. The 
wild fpecies breed, as we imagine, in the retired parts 
of thenorth of Europe: in the beginning of winter 
they light and feed on corn grounds: they fly a great 
heighth, and preferve great regu'arity in their motion, 
fometimes forming a ftrait line; at others affuming 
the fhape of a wedge, which facilitates their progrefs ; 
Pore for 


448 GOOSE. Clas IT. 


for they cut the air the readier in that form than if 
they flew pelmell. Befides this {pecies, Doéfor Lifter * 
mentions three others: 1ft. the mar/b-goofe, or grey leg; 
which appears to be no other than our wild goofe. 
2d. the Small fpanifh goofe, which in color refembles 
the common goofe, but is no larger than the brent 
goofe. 3d. the great black goofe, or whilk. 

Great numbers of tame geefe are kept in the fens 
in Lincclufbire, ‘and are plucked about the neck, 
breaft and back, once if not twice a year, the feathers 
are a confiderable article of commerce, but thofe from 
the Somerfetfbire geete are moft efteemed by the trade 
as thofe from Jreland are reckoned the wort. 

Tt will not here be foreign to the fubject to give fome | 
account of thefeatliers that other birdsand other coun- 
tries fupply our [land with, which was communicated 
to us by an intelligent perfon in the feather trade. 

Eider down is imported from Denmark, the ducks 
that fupply it being inhabitants of Hud/on’s-bay, Green- 
land, Iceland and Norway; our own iflands weft of. 
Scotland breed numbers of thefe birds, and might turn 
out a profitable branch of trade to the poor inhabi- 
tants. Hud/on’s-bay alfo furnifhes a very fine feather 
fuppofed to be of the goofe kind. | 

The down of the fwan is brought from Dantzick. 
The fame place alfo fends us great quantity of the 
feathers of the cock and hen. The Lozdon poulterers 
fell a great quantity of the feathers of thofe birds, and 
of ducks and turkies; thofe of ducks being a weaker 


* Raii fym. ave 1386 
i feather 


Clafs 11. GOOS E. 449 


feather are inferior to thofe of the goofe; turkey’s fea- 
thers are the worft of any. 

The beft method of curing feathers is to lay them 
in a room in an expofure to the fun, and when dried 
to put them in bags, and beat them well with poles to 
get the dirt off. 

We have often been furprized that no experiments 
_ had been made on the feathers of the vk tribe, as 
fuch numbers refort to our rocks annually, and pro- 
- mife from the appearance of their plumage to furnifh 
a warm and foft feather; but we have lately been in- 
formed that fome unfuccefsful trials have been made 
at Glafgow; a gentleman who had made a voyage to 
the weftern Iflesand brought fome of the feathers 
home with a laudable defign of promoting the trade 
of our own country, attempted to render them fit for 
ufe, firft by baking, then by boiling them, but their 
ftench was fo offenfive that the G/a/gow people could 
not be prevailed on to leave off their correfpondence 
with Dantzick. The dilfagreeable {mell of thefe fea- 
thers muft be owing to the quantity of oil that all 
water fowls ufe from the glandules of their rump to 
preferve and {mooth their feathers, and as fea birds 
muft expend more of this unction than other water 
fowl, being almoft perpetually on that element, and 
as their food is entirely fifh, that oil muft receive a 
great ranknefs, and communicate it tothe plumage, 
fo as to render it abfolutely unfit for ufe. 


Ff4 The 


Defer. 


450 WILD GOOSE.  Claflt. 


The WHITE FRONTED WILD GOOSE. 


The laughing Goofe. Edw.av. L’Oye faivagedanord. Brifin 
153. av. Vi. 269. 
Anas erythropus (fem.) Lin. Polnifche Ganfs. Kram. 339. 
Syft. 197+ Danis Vild Gaas, Brunnich. 53. 
Fizllgas. Fauz. Suec. /p. 116. Br. Zool. 150. 


are is found very frequently in the winter, in | 
the marfhes of Che/bire: and in all the northern 
world as far as Hudjon’s-bay: The weight is about 
five pounds: the length twenty-eight inches; the 
breadth four feet and a half: the bill is of a reddifh 
yellow, and much thicker and larger than that of 
the common wild goofe: the forehead white: the 
crown of the head is of a deep cinereous brown: the 
upper part of the breaft of a light afh-color, clouded 
with a deeper: the belly is white, marked with large 
black fpots: the coverts of the wings are grey, edged 
with brown: the feathers above and below the tail 
white, the tail black, edged with white: the legs orange 
color, the claw whitifh, or pale fiefh color. From 
the fimilitude the bill of this bears to the common 
tame goofe, and from the whitenefs of the forehead, 
which often appears on thatof tame geefe with brown 
heads, we believe that they derive their origin from this 
{pecies, not the common wild goofe. Linnaeus 
makes this the female of the Beruacle, than which 
{carce any two birds of this genus can differ more. 


IV. The 


Clafs Il. BERNACLE. 45% 


hy: ne be RON AC LE. 


L’Oye nonnette ou Cravant. Gerard’; Herbal. 1587. 


Belon av. 158. La Bernache. Briffon av. vi. 300. 
Brenta, vel Bernicla. Ge/ner av. Anas Erythropus (mas,) Lin. 
109, 110. Sift. 197: 
Aldr. av. iii. 73. Fiellgas, Faun. Suec. fp. 116. 
Bernacle, or Clakis. Wij. orn, -Anfer brendinus. Caii opu/c. 87. 
Raii fyn. av. 137. Crantz’s Greenl. 1. 80. 
Sibb. hiff. Scot. 21° _ Br. Zool. 150. 


HIS bird weighs about five pounds; the length 


is two feet one inch; the breadth four feet five 


inches; the bill is black, and only one inch three- 
eights long; the head is fmall, the forehead and 
cheeks white; from the bill to the eyes is a black line ; 
the hind part of the head, the whole neck, and upper 
part of the breaft and back are of a deep black; the 
whole under fide of the body, and coverts of the tail 
are white; the back, fcapulars and coverts of the 
wings, are beautifully barred with grey, black, and 
white; the tail is black; the legs of the fame color, 
and fmall. 

Thefe birds appear in vaft flocks during winter, on 
the north weft coafts of this kingdom: are very fhy 
and wild; but on being taken, grow as familiar as 
our tame geefe in a few days; in February they quit 
our fhores, and retire as far as Lapland, Greenland and 


even Spitsbergen to breed *. 
Thefe are the birds that about two hundred years 


ago were beleived to be generated out of wood, or 


® Aman, Acad. iv, 585, Berent’s vay. 19. 
rather 


Defer. 


Defcr. 


Ag BRENT GOOSE.  Clafll. 


rather a f{pecies of fhell that is often found fticking to 
the bottoms of fhips, or fragments of them; and were 
called Tree-geefe *. Thefe were alfo thought by fome. 
writers to have been the Chenalopeces of Pliny: they 
fhould have faid Chenerotes; for thofe were the birds 
that naturalift faid were found in Britain; but as he 
has fcarce left us any defcription of them, it is im- 
poffible to determine what fpecies he intended + 


Vv. The BRENT GOOSE 


es Canes de Mer. Belonav. 166. Belgis Rotgans, Calmarienfibus 


Aldr. av. iii. 73. Prutgas. Faun. Suec.fp.115. 
W71. orn. 360. Cimbris Ray-v Rad-Gaas. Nore 
Raii fyn. av. 137. vegis Raat-v. Raatne-Gaas. 
Bernacle. Nar. hi/. Ireland. 192. item Goul-v. Gagl. Brunnich. 
Brenta, le Cravant. Brifonav. vi. Rize 

304. 1ab. 31. Br. Zool. 151. 


Anas Bernicla. Liz. fi. 198. 


HIS isinferior in fize to the former: the bill 

is one inch and an half long; the color of that, 
the head, neck, and upper part of the breaft is black; 
on each fide the flendereft part of the neck is a white 
fpot; the lower part of the breaft, the fcapulars, and 
coverts of the wings are afh-colored, clouded with a 
deeper fhade; the feathers above and below the tail 
are white; the tail and guil feathers black; the legs 
black. 


* The fhell here meant is the lepas anatifera. Lin. fpf. 668. 
Argenville Conch. tab. 7. the animal that inhabites it is furnifhed 
with a feathered beard ; which, ina credulous age, was believed to 
be part of the young bird. | 

+ Anferini generis funt Chenalopeces: et quibus lautiores epulas | 
non novit Britannia Chenerotes, fere anfere mjnores. Lid. x. c. 22. 


4 4 Thefe 


‘Cusl. BRENT GOOSE. 453 


Thefe birds frequent our coafts in tne winter: in 
' Ireland they are called Bernacles, and appear in great 
quantities in Auguft, and leave it in March. They 
feed ona fort of long grafs growing in the water; pre- 
ferring the root and fome part above it, which they 
dive for, bite off and leave the upper part to drive on 
fhore. They abound near Londonderry, Belfafi, and 
Wexford, aad are taken in fight time in nets placed 
a-crofs the rivers; and are much efteemed for their 
“delicacy. The Rat or Roadgoafe, of Mr. Willoughby *, 
agrees in fo many refpects with this kind, that we fuf- 
pect it only to be a young bird not come to full fea- 
thers: the only difference confiflingin the feathers 
next the bill, andon the throat and breaft being brown. 
We have the greater reafon to imagine it to be fo as 
Mr. Brunnich informs usthat the Dani/b and Norvegian 
names for this bird are Radgaas and Raatgaas, which 
agree with thofe given it by Mr. Willoughy. Mr. 
Willoughby, Mr. Ray, and M. Briffon very properly 
defcribe the Bernacle aud Brent as different fpecies, but 
Liunzus makes thefe fynonymous, and defcribes the 
true Bernacle as the female of the white fronted wild 


goofle. vide Faun. fuec. 116. 


* Page 361. 


VI. The 


wen ELDER) DUCK: Clafs II. 


VIV0 oO The Ear DE RD ies 


Wormius’s Rider, or foftfeathered  —_fig. 30. 
Duck, the Cuthbert Duck. Anas molliffima. Lin. /y?. 198. 


Wil. orn 362. _ Ada, Eider, Gudunge, fra. 
Raii syn. av. 141. Faun. Suec. fp. 117. 
Great black and white Duck. Pontop. hif?. Norway. ii. 70. 
Edw. av. 98. Hor. hifi. Icel. 65. 
Eider anas. S76. Scot. 21. Egede’s Hift. Greenland. 92. 
The Colk. Martin's defcription of Mittek. Crantz’s Greenl. i. 81. 
the weflern ifles. 25. Edder. Brunnich. 57.66. Monogr. 


Anferlanuginofus,/Oyeaduvet. tab. 1. 2. 
_~Briffn av. Vi. 294. tab. 29. Br. Zool. 152. add. plates. 


ye HIS ufeful fpecies is found in the weftern sfles 
of Scotland, particularly on Collinfa, Barra, 
Rona, and Heisker, and on the Farn ifles*; but in 
greater numbers in Norway, Iceland, and Greenland: 
from whence a vaft quantity of the down, known by 
the name of Eider or Edder, which thefe birds furnifh 
is annually imported: its remarkably light, elaftic, 
and warm qualities, make it highly efteemed as a 
ftuffing for coverlets, by fuch whom age or infirmi- 
ties render unable to fupport the weight of common 
blankets. This down is produced from the breaft of 
the bird in the breeding feafon. It lays its eges+ - 
among the ftones or plants, near the fhore: and pre- 
pares a foft bed for them, by plucking the down from 
its own breaft; the natives watch the opportunity, 
and take away both eggs and neft: the duck lays a- 
gain, and repeats the plucking of its breaft; if fhe 


* Ray's itin. 183. 
+ It lays five or fix eggs as large as thofe of a goofe, and of a 
pale olive green color. 
1$ 


Clafs IT. BHIDER DUCK. 455 


is robbed after that, fhe will ftill lay ; but the drakes 
mutt fupply the down, as her ftock is now exhaufted, 
but if the eggs are takenathirdtime, fhe wholy de- 
ferts the place. 

This kind is double the fize of the common duck: 
its bill is black; the feathers of the forehead and 
cheeks advance far into the bafe, fo as to form two 
very fharp angles: the forehead is of a full velvet 
black: from the bill to the hind part of the head is a 
broad black bar, paffing a-crofs the eyes on each fide : 
on the hind part of the neck, juft beneath the ends 
of thefe bars, is a broad pea-green mark, that looks 
like a ftain: the crown of the head, the cheeks, the 
neck, back, fcapulars and coverts of the wings are 
white ; the lower part of the breaft, the belly, tail, 
and quil feathers are black, the legs are green: the 
female is of a reddifh brown, barred tranfverfely with 
black ; but the head and upper part of the neck are 
marked with dufky ftreaks pointing downward; the 
primary feathers are black, the greater or laft row of 
coverts of the wings, and the leffer row of quil fea- 
thers tipt with white: the tail is dufky ; the belly of 
a deep brown marked ob{curely with black. 


VII. The 


Defcr. 


Defer, 


456 VELVET DUCK. Clafs II, 


VIL: The ME RVEP: Dv Cag 


Anas nigra, roftro nigro rubro Anas fufca. Lin. fpf. 196. 


et luieo. Aldr. av. il 97. Faun. Suec. fp. 109. 
The black Duck. Wii. orn. 363. Gunner. tab. v. 
Raii fyn. av. 141. Incalis Chriftianfae Svoerte. Nore 
Dale’s hi. Harwich. 405. wegis Soe-Orre Hav-Orre v, 


Turpan. NW. Com, Petr. iv. 420. Sav-Orre, quibufdam Sorte. 
La grande Macreufe. Briffon av. Brunnich. 48. 
V1. 423- | Er. Zool, 152. add. plates. 


‘HEE male of this fpecies, according to Mr. 
E Willoughby, (for we have feen only the female) 
is larger than the tame duck. The bill is broad and 
fhort, yellow on the fides, black in the middle, and 
the hook red: the head, and part of the neck is black 
tinged with green: behind each ear isa white fpot; 
and in each wing is a white feather; all the reft of the 
the plumage is of a fine black, and of the foft and 
delicate appearance of velvet: the legs and feet are 
red; the webs black: the female is entirely of a deep 
brown color; the marks behind each ear‘and on the 
wings excepted: the bill is of the fame colors with 
that of the male; but wants the protuberance at the 
bafe of it, which Lizuzus gives the male *. 


* Faun. Suec. laft edit. 39. 


VIII. The 


Vir The SCOOTER: 


Black Diver, or Scoter. Wi#. orm. LaMacreufe. Brifon av. vi. 420, 


366. tab. 38. fig. 2. 
Raii fyn. av. 141. . Anas nigra. Lin. fy}, 196. 
La Macreufe, Ray’s Letters 161. Faun. Suec. fp. 110. 
Dale’s hift. Harwich. 405. Br. Zool. 153. 


alk HIS fpecies weighs two pounds nine ounces: 
the length is twenty-two inches; the breadth 
thirty-four: the middle of the bill is of a fine yellow, 
the reft is black: both male and female want the 
hook at the end; but on the bafe of the bill of the 
-former is a large knob, divided by a fiffure in the 
middle. The tail confifts of fixteen fharp pointed 
feathers, of which the middle are the longeft. The 
- color of the whole plumage is black, that of the head 
and neck gloffed over with purple: the legs are black. 
This bird is allowed in the Romi/h church to be eaten 
in Lent, and is the macreufe of the French. It isa 
great diver, faid to live almoft conftantly at fea, and 
to be taken in nets placed under water. 


IX. The 


Defer. 


Defer. 


458 TUFTED DUCK.  CiafsIf. 


1X. The DT DET ED Dike 


Un petit Plongeon efpece de 4tt. tab. 27. fig. te 

_ Canard. Belon av. 175. Kram. 341. 

Straufs endt. Ge/ner av. 107. Anas fuligula. Liz. ff. 207. 
Querquedula Criftata. d/dr. av. Wigge. Faun. Suec. /p. 132. 


ill, QI. Norvegis Trold-And. Brunnich. 
Wil. orn. 365. go. 
Raii fyn. av. 142. Br. Zool. 153. 


Le petit Morillon. Brion av. vi. 


ap HIS fcarcely weighs two pounds: the length is 
fifteen inches and a half: the bill is of a bluifh 
grey, the hook black. The head is adorned with a 
thick, but fhort pendent creft. The belly, and under: 
coverts of the wings are of a pure white: the middle 
quil feathers are white, tipped with black ; the reft of the 
plumage is black, varied about the head with purple: 
the tail is very fhort, and confifts of fourteen feathers: 
the legs of a bluifh grey; the webs black. The fe- 
male wants the creft. When young this fex is of a 
deep brown ; and the fides of the head next the bill 
of a pale yellow, but it preferves the other marks of 
the old duck ; in this ftate it has been defcribed in the 
Ornith. FUSE 2) under the title of anes latiroftra. 


t 1a a ye We. 
« bce 4 ef + o> 2s 5 ie Peep y £9 Ppex tr 
ete o? =e - & 2 es an, Ds <4 


A. 5 ine arte CPC Kr ec « Yl OLE—- Cal Pose 
a SF f fe 4 °) 
: 44> br4 tec bis gD Far Y Jere +1 pee 
lt cf oe oad MO Cat Y As ree , & Sh, One : id 
ZO : 724 ty etal < 


a. The 


Geir “SCAUP DUCK. alae 


Mo otne se AUP DUCK, 


Bollenten. Ge/ner av. 120. Le petit Morillon rayé. Brifor 
Scaup Duck. Wii. ora. 365° av. Vi. 416. 

Raii fyn. av. 142. Danis Polk Edelmand. Brunnich. 
Anas marila. Liz. /y/t. 196. hO, SI- 

Faun. Suec. fp. 111. Br. Zool. 153. add. plates. 


“| ae we defcribed from fome ftuft fkins very well 
preferved*. It feemed lefs than the common 
duck. The bill was broad, flat, and of a greyifh 
blue color: the head and neck black gloffed with 
green: the breaft black: the back, the coverts of 
the wings, and the fcapulars finely marked with nu- 
merous narrow tranf{verfe bars of black and grey: the 
greater quil feathers are dufky: the leffer white, tipt 
with black :, the belly is white: the tail and feathers, 
both above and below are black ; the thighs barred 
with dufky and white ftrokes: the legs dufky. 
‘Willoughby acquaints us, that thefe birds take their 
name from feeding on /caup, or broken fhell fifh: 


they differ infinitely in colors; fo that ina flock 
of forty or fifty there are not two alike. 


* When this happens we have recourfe to Mr. Widloughdy for the 
weight and meafurements, whenever he hath noted them. 


XI. The 


Q) 
Ga 


Defer. 


460 GOLDEN EYE. (hear 


XE. The v6.0. DEN JE ieee 


Glangula. Gefner av. 119. Knippa, Dopping. Faun. Suec. fp. 
_ Aldr. av. iil 94. 122. 
Wil. orn. 368. Norvegis Ring-Oye, Hviin-And 
Raii fyn. av. 142. v. Quiin- And. Lund-And 
Le Garrot. Brifon av. vi. 416. — tncolis Chriflianfoe, Bruus-Kop 
tab. 37. fig. 2. v. Blanke-Kniv. Br. 70, 71- 
Eifs Ente. Kram. 341. Br. Zool. 154. add. plates. 


Anas clangula. Lin. fifi. 201. 


Sai HIS fpecies weighs two pounds : the length is 

nineteen inches; the breadth thirty-one. The 
bill is black, fhort, and broad at the bafe: the head 
is large, of a deep black eloffed with green: at each 
corner of the mouth is a large white fpot: for which 
reafon the Italians call it Quatiocchii or four eyes: the 


- irides are of a bright yellow: the upper part of the 


neck is of the fame color with that of the head: the 
breaft and whole under fide of the body are white ; 
the fcapulars black and white: the back, tail, and 
the coverts on the ridge of the wings, black: the 
fourteen firft quil feathers, and the four laft are black; 
the feven middlemoft white, as are the coverts imme- 
diately above them: the legs of an orange color, The 
head of the female-* is of adeep brown, tinged with 
red: the neck grey: breaft and belly white: coverts 
and fcapulars dufky and afh-colored: middle quik 
feathers white ; the others together with the tail black; 
the legs dufky. Thefe birds frequent frefh water, as 
well as the fea; being found on the Shrop/bire meres 
during winter. 


* The fmaller red headed duck. Wil. orn. 369. Raii /jn. ave 
143. 
- |. She 


Ciafs TY, SHIELDRAKE. 4.04, 


Ae) he HOPE Ep RAK EE 


La Tadotne. Behn av. 172. tab. 33. fig. 2. 
Anas maritima. Ge/nerav. 803, Pl. enl. 53. 


804. Bergander Turner. Chenalopex 
Vulpanfer Tadorne, Aldr, av. Plinii. 


il. 71. Q7. Danis Brand-Gaas, Grav-Gaas. 
Shieldrake, or burrough Duck. = Norwegis Ring- Gaas, Fager- 
Wil. orn. 363. Gaas, Ur-Gaas, Rodbelte, 
Raii fyn. av. 140. Feroenfibus Hav-Simmer. d/lan- 
Anas tadorna. Lin. fy?. 196. dis Avekong. Br. 47. 
Jugas. Faun. Suec. /p. 113. Br. Zool. 154. 


La Tadorne. Briffin av. vi. 344. 


ae male of this elegant fpecies weighs two 
pounds ten ounces; the length is two feet; 
the breadth three anda half. The billis of a bright 
red, and at the bafe fwells into a knob, whichis mo 
confpicuous in the fpring; the head and upper part 
of the neck is of a fine blackith green; the lower 

part of the neck white; the breaft, and upper part 
_ of the back is furrounded with a broad band of bright 
orange bay; the coverts of the wings, and the Sa 
dle of the back are white; the neareft {capulars black, 
the others white; the greater quil feathers are black; 
the exterior webs of the next are a fine green, and 
thofe of the three fucceeding orange; the coverts of 
the tail are white; the tail icfelf of the fame color, 
-and except the two outmoft feathers tipt with black ; 
the belly white, divided lengthways by a black line; 
the legs of a pale flefh color. 


Thefe birds inhabite the fea coafts, and breed in 
rabbet holes. Whena perfon attempts to take their 


young, the old birds thew pi addrefs in diverting 
Gg his 


Defer. 


MALLARD. Clafs If. 


his attention from the brood; they will fly along the 
eround as if wounded, till the former are got into a 
place of fecurity and then return and collect them 
together. From this inftinctive cunning, Turner ima- 
gines them to be the chenalopex, or fox-goo/e of the 
antients. They lay fifteen or fixteen eggs, white, and 
of aroundifh thape. In winter they collect in great 
flocks. Their flefh is very rank and bad. 


462 


XIE. The MALLARD. 


Les Canards et les Canes, Belen 
av. 160. 


’ Anas fera torquata minor. Anas 


Defer. 


domettica. 
96. 

Aldr. av. Ui. 83, 85. 

Common wild Duck and Mal- 
lard. Common tame Duck. 
Wil. orn. 371, 380. 

Raii fyn. av. 145, 150. 

Le Canard domettique, le Canard 
fauvage. Briffon av. Vi. 308, 

18. 

Hinheimifche ent. 


Gefner av. 113, 


Stork ent. 


Kram. 341. 

Anitra, Anitra falvatica, Cifone. 
Zinan. 105. 106. 
Anas bofchas. Anas domeftica. 

Lin. fyft. 205. 

Gras-and, Bianacke. Faun. Suec. 
Sera 
Fera, Norvegis Blaaehals v. Grees- 

And, aliis Stok-And. Danis 
Vild-And. Brunnich. $7. 
Domettica Daxis Tam-And. zbid. 
88. E 
Br. Zool, 155. 


iG ses mallard ufually weighs two pounds and an 
half: the length is twenty-three inches; the 


breadth thirty-five: the bill is of a yellowifh green: 
the head and neck are of a deep and fhining green: 
more than half round the lower part of the neck is an 
incomplete circle of white: the upper part of the 
breaft is of a purplith red ; and the beginning of the 
back of the fame color : the breaft and belly of a pale 
grey, marked with tranfverfe fpeckled lines of a 
dufky hue: the fcapulars white, elegantly barred 
3 | _ with 


Clafs If. WAL LA RD: 463 


with brown : the fpot on the wing is of a rich purple: 
the tail confifts of twenty-four feathers. What 
diftinguifhes the male of this {pecies from all others 
are the four middle feathers, which are black and 
ftrongly curled upwards ; but the females want this 
‘mark. Their plumage is of a pale reddifh brown, 
fpotted with black. The legs are of a faffron color. 

The common tame fpecies of ducks take their 
origin from thefe, and may be traced to it by un- 
erring characters. The drakes, howfoever they vary 
in colors, always retain the curled feathers of the tail: 
and both fexes the form of the bill of the wild kind. 
Nature {ports in the colors of all domeftic animals ; 
and for a wife and ufeful end ; that mankind may the 
more readily diftinguifh and clame their refpective 
property. Wild ducks pair in the fpring, and breed 
in all marfhy grounds, and lay from ten to fixteen © 
eggs. They abound in Lincolnfhire, the great maga- 
zine of wild fowl in this kingdom ; where prodigious 
numbers are taken annually in the decoys. 

A decoy is generally made where there is a large 
pond furrounded with wood, and beyond that a 
marfhy and uncultivated country: if the piece of 
water is not thus furrounded, it will be attended with 
the noife and other accidents, which may be ex- 
pected to fright the wild fowl from a quiet haunt, 
where they mean to fleep (during the day-time) in 
fecurity. : 

If thefe noifes or difturbances are wilful, it hath 
been held, that an action will lye againft the dif- 
turber. | 


Gg 3 As 


464 MALLARD. Cla Ht. 


As foon as the evening fets in, the decoy ri/és (as 
they term it) and the wild fowl feed during the nights 
If the evening is ftill, the noife of their wings, during 
their flight, is heard at a very great diftance, and Is a 
pleafing, though rather melancholy found. This 
vifing of the decoy in the evening, is in Somerfet{bire 
called rodding. 

The decoy ducks are fed with hempfeed, which 
is flung over the fkreens in fmal] quantities, to bring 
them forwards into the pipes, and to allure the wild 
fowl to follow, as this feed is fo light as to float, 

There are feveral pipes (as they are called) which 
lead up a narrow ditch, that clofes at laft with a fun- 
nel net. Over thefe pipes (which grow narrower 
from the firft entrance) is a continued arch of netting, 
fufpended on hoops, It is neceflary to have a pipe 
or ditch for almoit every wind that can blow, as upon 
this circumftance it depends which pipe the wild fowl 
will take to ; and the decoy-man always keeps on the 
leeward fide of the ducks, to prevent his effluvia - 
reaching their fagacious noftrils. All along each 
pipe, at certain intervals, are placed skreens made of 
reeds, which are fo fituated, that it is impoffible the 
wild fowl fhould fee the decoy-man, before they have 
paffed on towards the end of the pipe, where the 
purfe-net is placed. The inducement te the wild fowl 
to go up one of thefe pipes is, becaufe the decoy- 
ducks, trained to this, lead the way, either after hear- 
ing the whiftle of the decoy-iman, or enticed by 
the hempfeed, the latter will dive under water, 
whilft the wild fowl fy on, and are taken in the 
purtfe. ; 

It 


Cat) MALLARD. 465 


It often happens, however, that the wild fowl are 
in fuch a flate of fleepinefs and dozing, that they 
will not follow the decoy-ducks. Ufe is then gene- 
rally made of a dog, who is taught his leflon: he 
 pafies backwards and forwards between the reed 

skreens (in which are little holes, both fur the decoy- 
man to fee, and for the little dog to pafs through) 
this attracts the eye of the wild fowl, who not chufing 
to be interrupted, advance towards this fmall and 
contemptible animal, that they may drive him away. 
The dog, all this time, by direction of the decoy- 
man, plays among the skreens of reeds, nearer and 
nearer to the purfe net; till at laft, perhaps, the 
decoy-man appears behind a skreen, and the wild 
fowl not daring to pafs by himin return, nor being 
able to efcape upwards on account of the net-covering, 
rufh on into the purfe-net. Sometimes the dog will 
not attract their attention, if a red handkerchief, or 
fomething very fingular, is not put about him. 

The general feafon for catching fowl in decoys, is 
from the Jatter end of Oéfoder till February ; the taking 
of them earlier is prohibited by an act 10 George ll. 
_¢. 32. which forbids it from June 1, to Offober 1, 
under the penalty of five fhillings for each bird 
deftroyed within that {pace. | 

The Lincolnfbire decoys are commoly fet at a cer- 
tain annual rent, from five pounds to twenty pounds 
a. year: and we have heard of one in Somer/etfbire 
that pays thirty, The former, contribute principally 
to fupply the markets of London. Amazing num- 
bers of ducks, wigeons, and teal are taken: by an 
account fent us of the number caught the winter be- 

Ge4 fore 


SHOVELER. ‘ Clafs IT: 


fore the laft, in only ten decoys, in the neighborhood 
of Waiwjieet, it appeared to amount to thirty-one 
thoufand two hundred, in which is included feveral 
other fpecies of ducks ; itis alfo to be obferved, that 
in the above particular, wigeon and teal are reckoned 
but as one, and confequently fell but at half the price 
of the ducks. This quantity makes them fo cheap on 
the fpot, that we have been affured feveral decoy- 
men would be glad to contract for years to deliver 
their ducks at Boffon for ten-pence the couple. The 
account of the numbers here mentioned, relates only 
to thofe that were fent to the Caprta/. 


4606 


XIV. The .S FO.V EE Eo 


Anas latiroftra (ein Breitfchna- 
bel.) Ge/ner av. 120. 

Aldr. av. ii. 94. 

Wil. crn. 370. 

Ratt fyn. av. 143. 

Phafianus marinus, Charlton ex. 
IOs. 

Blue-wing Shoveler ( fem.) Cat. 
Car. 1. 96. 

Le Souchet, Briffon av. vi. 329. 
tab. 32. figs I. 


Schaufil-ente, Loffi-ente. Kram. 
342. 

Anas clypeata. Lin. /yf. 200. 

Faun. Suec. fp. 119. 

Kertlutock *. Krantz’s Greenl. 1. 
80. 

Danis Krop-And. Norvegis Stok- 
And. Czmbris Leffel - And. 
Brunnich. 67.68. 

Br. Zool. 155- “ 


fGen weighs twenty-two ounces: its length 


twenty-one inches. 


The bill is black, three 


inches long, fpreads near the end to a great breadth; 
is furnifhed with a {mall hook, and the edges of each 
mandible are pectinated, or fupplied with thin laminz, 
that lock into each other when the mouth is clofed. 


* 7, e. Broad bill. 
The 


Clas iJ. RED BREASTED SHOVELER. 467 


The irides are of a bright yellow : the head and upper 
part of the neck of a blackifh green : the lower part of 
the neck, the breaft, and the fcapulars are white: the 
back brown; the coverts of the wings of a fine sky 
blue; thofe next the quil-feathers tipt with white: 
the greater quil-feathers are dusky ; the exterior webs 
of thofe in the middle, are of a gloffy green. The 
tail confifts of fourteen feathers; the outmoft are 
white ; thofe in the middle black, edged with white: 
the belly is of a bay color: the vent-feathers black : 
the legs red. The female has the fame marks in the 
wings as the male, but the colors are lefs bright: the 
reft of the plumage refembles that of the common 
wild duck. 


XV. The RED BREASTED SHOVELER. 


E are indebted to Mr. Bolton for the defcrip- 
tion of this bird, who informed us that it 
was fometimes taken in the decoys in Liucolufbire. 

It is the fize of a common duck. The bill large, 
broad, ferrated at the fides, and entirely of a brownifh 
yellow color: the head large: eyes {mall : irides yel- 
low: the breaft and throat of a reddifh brown, the 
latter paler, but both quite free from any fpots. The 
back is brown, growing paler towards the fides. The 
tips and pinions of the wings grey: the quil-feathers 
brown ; the reft of a greyifh brown: the /peculum or 
fpot purple, edged with white: in the female, the 
{pot is blue, and all the other colors are fainter. The 
tail is fhort and white : the vent feathers of a bright 


brown 


Defer. 


Defer. 


368 PINTAIL DUCK.  CheiR 


brown, fpotted with darker: the legs fhort and 
flender: the feet {mall, of a reddifh brown color. 


XVI. Fhe PIN TALL, DU Gi 


Anas cavdacuta (ein fpitzfch- Raii fz. av. 147. 


wantz) Ge/ner av. 121. Anas acuta. Lin. fpf. 202. 
Aldr. av. iit, 97. Aler, Ahlvogel. Fauz, Suge. /p. 
Sea Pheafant, or Cracker. Wil. 126. 

orn. 376. Brunnich in append, 


Le Canard a longue queue. Aglek. Crantz’s Greenl. i. 80. 
Briffin av. vi. 269. tab. 34. Br. Zool. 156. 
Shwalbenicheif. Kram. 340. 


PHE form of this fpecies is flender, and the 
neck long: its weight twenty-four ounces : its 
length twenty-eight inches; its breadth one yard 
two inches. The bill is black in the middle, blue cn 
the fides: the head is ferruginous, tinged behind the 
ears with purple; from beneath the ears commences 
a white line, which runs fome way down the neck ; 
this line is bounded by black: the hind part of the 
neck, the back, and fides are elegantly marked with 
white and dufky waved lines: the fore part of the 
neck, and belly are white: the fcapulars ftriped with 
black and white: the coverts of the wings afh- 
colored; the loweft tipt with dull orange: the mid- 
le quil-feathers barred on their outmoft webs with 
ereen, black and white: the exterior feathers of the 
tail are afh-colored: the two middle black, and three 
inches longer than the others : the feet of a lead color. 
The female is of a light brown color, fpotted with 
black. Mr. Harthb, in the appendix to his Legacy, 
tells 


Casi. SHIELDRAKE. 469 


tells us that thefe birds are found in great abundance 
in Connaught in Ireland, inthe month of February-only; 
and that they are much efteemed for their delicacy. 


XVII. TheSWALLOW TAIL’D SHIELDRAKE. 


Wil. orn. 364. Norvegis Ungle, Angeltafke v, 
Raii fyn. av. 145. Troefoerer. Feroenfibus Ocdel, 
Long tailed Duck. Edw. av, Sfandis Ha-Ella v. Ha-Old. 


280, Incolis Chriftianfoe Gadiffen, 

Le Canard a longue queue Klaefhahn Dykker. Brunnich. 
dIflande. Briffon av. Vi. 379+ 75. 70 

Anas glacialis. Lin. /jft. 203. Br, Zool, 16. 


HIS is inferior in fize tothe former. The 

billis fhort, black at the tip and bafe, orange 
colored in the middle; the cheeks are of a pale 
brown : the hind part of the head, and the neck both 
before and behind are white; the fides of the upper 
part of the neck are marked with a large dusky bar, 
pointing downwards ; the breaft and back are of a 
deep chocolate color; the fcapulars are white, long, 
narrow, and fharp pointed. The coverts of the 
wings, and greater quil-feathers dusky ; the leffer of a 
reddith brown: the belly white; the four middle 
feathers of the tail are black; and near four inches 
longer than the others, which are white: the legs 
dusky. Thefe birds breed in the moft northern parts 


of the world, and only vifit our coafts in the fevereft 
winters. 


XVII. The 


Defer. 


Peter, 


470 POCHARD. SME Tats “i: 


AVI The POCHAR DT 


La Canea tefte rouffe. Belou av. Raii fyn. av. 143. 

173. _ Anas ferina. Liz. /yf. 203. 
Anas fera fufca, vel media (ein Faun. Suec. fp. 127. 

wilte grauwe ente, Rotent.) Penelope, le Millouin. Brifar 


Gefner av. 116. au. Vi. 384. tab. 35. jig. 1. 
Aldr, av. ii. 93. Danis Brua-Nakke. Norvegis 
Poker, Pochard, or red headed Rod-Nakke. Brunnich. 80. 

Wigeon. Wil. orn. 367. Br. Zool. 156. 


TS weight is about one pound twelve ounces ; its 
fi. length nineteen inches ; its breadth two feet and 
ahalf. The bill is of a deep lead color; the head 
and neck are of a bright bay color: the breaft, and 
part of the back where it joins the neck are black;- 
the coverts of the wings, the fcapulars, back and 
fides under the wings are of a pale grey, elegantly 
marked with narrow lines of black: the quil-feathers 
dusky : the belly afh-colored and brown: the tail 
confifts of twelve fhort feathers, of a deep grey color : 
the legs lead colored: the irides of a bright yellow, 
tinged with red. The head of the female is of a pale 
reddifh brown : the breaft is rather of a deeper color: 
the coverts of the wings a plain afh-color: the back 
marked like that of the male: the belly afh-colored. 
Thefe birds frequent frefh water as well as the fea; 
and being very delicate eating, are much fought for in 
the London markets, where they are known by the 
name of Dun birds. 


XIX. The 


Clafs Il. GREY HEADED DUCK. 471 


MEX ohhe HER RUGINOUS!) DUCK; 
Anas rufa roftro pedibufque cinereis. Faun. Suec. fp. 47. 


HE defcription of this fpecies was fent to us 

by Mr. Bolton. The weight was twenty ounces: 
the bill is long and flatted, rounded a little at the 
bafe, ferrated along the edges of each mandible, and 
furnifhed with a nail at the end of the upper. The 
color a pale blue. The head, neck, and whole upper 
_ part of the bird is of an agreeable reddith brown: 
the throat, breaft and belly of the fame color, but 
paler’: the legs of a pale blue ; but the webs of the 
feet black. 

This fpecies, he informed us, was killed in 
Lincolnfoire. ‘Ne do not find it mentioned by any 
writer, except Linneus toke his defcription frem Rud- 
beck’s paintings ; and adds, that it is found, though 
rarely, in the Swedi/b rivers. 


XxX. The GREY HEADED DUCK, 


Glaucion, en francoys le Moril- fdr. av. il. 92. 
lon. Belon av. 166. 


E are likewife indebted to Mr. Ba/ton for an ac- 
count of this bird, which he fufpects to be the 
Glaucion of authors. It agrees in all refpects with 
Belon’s defcription of that bird, the head and neck 
excepted, which in that of the French ornithologift are 
of a reddifh brown *. | 
* Tannée. 


It 


Defer. 


Defcr. 


ees WIGEON. Clafeilt, - 


It isthe fize of acommon duck: the bill large, 
broad, and ferrated round the edges, and of a yel- 
lowith brown color: the head large and round: the 
irides of the color of gold: the head and upper part 
of the neck are of adeep grey, at the extremity of - 
the grey paffes a collar of white half an inch broad, 
furrounding the neck. The breaft-is of a filvery grey: 
the belly quite white: the back and wings black ; the 


 Jatter, when expanded, fhew afew white feathers : the 


Defer. 


tail fhort and black: the legs of a yellowith brown 
color: the hind toe fmall. 


XX. The WIGEON. 


Anas fiftularis (ein ee) Anas fiftularis, le Canard fife 


Gefner av. 121. fleur. pho av. Vis 391s 
Penelope. Aldr. av. iil. 92. tab. 3 


Wigeon, or Whewer. Wi. orn. eunias mil weiter piatten. Kram. 
375° 34 

Raii fyn. av. 1486. Danis Bles. And Brunnich. 72. 

Anas penelops. Lin. fjf.202. Br. Zool. 157. add. plates. 

Wriand. Faun. Suec. fp. 124. 


HE wigeon weighs near twenty-three ounces 5 

the leneth is twenty inches; the breadth two 

feet three. The bill is lead coloured; the end of it 
black ; the head, and upper part of the neck is of a 
bright light bay; the forehead paler, in fome almoft 
white: the plumage of the back, and fides under 
the wings are elegantly marked with narrow, black 
and white undulated lines: the breaft is of a 
purplifh hue, which fometimes though rarely is 
marked with round black fpots: the belly white: 
the vent feathers black. In fome birds the 
coverts of the wings are almoft wholly white; in o- 
thers 


Clafs I. GADWALL 493 


thers of a pale brown, edged with white: the greater 
quil feathers are dufky; the outmolt webs of the 
middle feathers of a fine green, the tips black; the 
laft are elegantly ftriped with black and white. The 
two middle feathers of the tail are longer than the 
others, black and fharp-pointed ; the reft afh-colored 
the legs dufky. The head of the female is of a rufty 
brown, fpotted with black; the back is of a deep 
brown edged with a paler: the tips of the leffer quil 
feathers white: the belly white. 


XX. The GADWALL. 


Anas ftrepera (ein Leiner.) Ge/ner tab. 3 ; 

av. 121. Anas ieee, a Lifts 200. 
Aldr. av. Mi. 97. Faun. Suec. fp. 121. 
Papi or Gray. Wl. orn. Cimbris Knarre-Gaas. Brunnich, 


Ole 
Pulp av. 145. Br. Zool. 1578 
Le Chipeau. Briffon av. Vi. 339+ 


p HIS fpecies is rather inferior in fize to the wi- 

-geon. ‘The bill is two inches long, black, and 
flat; the head, and upper part of the neck are ofa 
a reddifh brown {potted with black; the lower part, 
the breaft, the upper part of the back, and the fcapu- 
lars are beautifully marked with black and white lines; 
the belly is of a dirty white; the rump above and be- 
low is black; the tail afh-colored, edged with whites 
the coverts on the ridge of the wing are of a pale red- 
difh brown; thofe beneath are of purplifh red, the 
loweft of a deep black; the greater quil feathers are 
dufky ; the inner web of three of the leffer quil fea- 
thers are white; which forms a confpicuous {pots 
the 


2 


Defer. 


Defer. 


me GARCAIN RY. Clafs Il. 


the Jegs-are orange coloured. The breaft of the fe- 
male is of areddifh brown, fpotted with black; the 
back of the fame color; and tho’ it has the fame marks 
on the wings, they are far inferior in brightnefs to’ 
thofe of the male. 


XXIII. The GARGANEY. 


La Sarcelle. Beloz av.175. tab. 39. 
Querquedula varia. Gefeer av. Krickantl. Kram. 343. 
107. Anas Querquedula. Lin. fyi. 
Scavolo, Cercevolo, Garganello. 202. 
Aldr. av. iil. 89. 9°. Faun. Suec. fp. 128. 
Wil. orn. 377+ Norvegis Krek-And. quidu/d. 
Querquedula prima Aldr. Raii Saur-And, Brannich. 81. 
fin. av. 148*. Br. Zool. 158. 


La Sarcelle. Brion av.vi. 427. 


< & HIS fpecies is of a fize between the wigeon 
and teal. The billis of a deep Jead color; the 
crown of the head is duiky, marked with oblong 
ftreaks; on the chin is a large black fpot; from the 
corner of each eye is a long white line, that points 
to the back of the neck: the cheeks, and upper part 
of the neck, are of a pale purple, marked with mi- 
nute oblong lines of white, pointing downwards; the 
breaft is of a light brown, marked with femicircular 
bars of black: the belly is white; the lower part and 
vent varied with fpecks, and bars of a dufky hue; 
the coverts of the wings are grey ; but the loweft are 
tipt with white; the firft quil feathers are afh-colored ; 
* Mr. Ray, in his /yx. av. 147. defcribes a duck under the name 
of Phafeas ; in Yorkjhire it is called the widgeon: he fays, the head 
and neck are brown, fpotted with triangular black marks : the body, 
wings and tail dufky, edged with a paler color: in the wings is a 
double line of white: belly white: bill and legs blue.. We fufpect 


it to be a young bird of this fpecies, but wait for further informa- 
tion before we can determine it. 


the 


Clais I, Tee sA lk; 475 


the exterior webs of thofe in the middle green; the 
fcapulars are long and narrow, and elegantly ftriped 
with white, afh-color, and black; the tail dufky: 
the legs lead color. The female has an obfcure white 
mark over the eye; the reit of the plumage is of a 
brownith afh-color, not unlike the hen teal, but the 


wing wants the green fpot, which fufficiently diftin- - 


guifhes thele birds. 


XUV iene. EAGT. 


Querquedula. Ge/ner av.106, Arta, Krecka. Faun. Succ. fp. 


Garganei. A’dr. av. iii, go. 129. 

Wil. orn. 377. Cimbris Atteling-And, Norwegis 

Rait fyn. av. 147. -  Heftelort-And. Danis Com- 

La petite Sarcelle. Bales QV. muniter Krik-And. Brunnich, 
vi. 436. tab. go. fig. 82, 83. 


Rothantl, Pfeiffantl. Rae 343. Br. Zool, 158. add. yore 
Anas Crecca. Liz. /y/i. 204. 


sf a E Teal weighs about twelve ounces: the 
length is fiveteen inches; the breadth twenty- 
eight. The bill is black: the head, and upper pare 
of the neck are of a deep bay: from the bill to the 
hind part of the head is a broad bar of gloffy change- 
able green, bounded on the lower fide by a narrow 
white line: the lower part of the neck, the beginning 
of the back, and the fides under the wings, are ele- 
gantly marked with waved lines of black and white: 
the breaft and belly are of a dirty white; the vent 
black: the tail fharp pointed, and dufky: the coverts 
of the wings brown: the greater quil feathers dufky, 
the exterior webs of the leffer marked with a glofly 
green {pot ; above that another of black, and the tips 
Hh white ; 


Defer. 


476 CORVORANT. Clafs If. 


Defer. 


white: the irides whitifh; the legs dufky. The fe- 
male is of a brownifh afh-color, fpotted with black 3. 
and has a green fpot on the wing like the male. 

By thedefcription Mr. Willoughby has left of the fum= 
mer Teal p. 378, we fufpect that it differs notin the fpe- 
cies from the common kind, only infex. Linnzus hath. - 
placed it among the birds of his country * ; but leaves. 


‘a blank in the place of its refidence; and hath evi- 


dently copied Mr. W7lloughby’s imperfect defcri ption. 
of it: and to confirm our fufpicion that he has fol- 

Jowed the error of our countryman, we obferved: 
that a bird fent us from the Baltic fea, under the title 
of anas circic, the fummer Teal of Linneus,. was no: 
other than the female of our Teal. 


Genus XVIII. The GORVORANT fF. 


{, eCORV 3 RANT. The Female, 


Le Cormorant. Behn av.161. . Pelécanus Carbo. Lin. fy. 216. 
Corvus aquaticus,Carbo aquati- Ah Com, Petr. iv. 423.” 


cus. 136. Le Cormoran. Brifon av. vi. 
Phalacrocorax. Ge/ner av. 683. git. tab. 45+ The Male. 

350. Norvegis Skarv, Strand-Ravn. 
Lldr. av. i108. Danis Aalekrage. Landis Skare. 
The Cormorant. W2l. orm. 320. for. Brunnich. 120, 121. 
Rati fyn. au, 122. Br. Zool. 159. 


ATS fpecies weighs four pounds. ‘The length 
is thirty- eee the breadth near four feet 
The bill dufky, three inches and a half long, and. 


* Fauna Se. Tao?) J 
} The learned Dr. Kay, or Caius, derives the: word Corvorant: 


irom Corus worans, from whence corruptly our word Cormorant. 


a deftirute: 


Clafs II. C O BW .O:R A NYT, gi 


defticute of noftrils ; the bafe of the lower mandible 
is covered witha naked yellowifh fxin, that extends 
under the chin, and forms a fort of pouch: a loofe 
skin of the fame color reaches from the upper inandi- 
ble round the eyes, and angles of the mouth: the 
head and neck are of a footy blacknefs; but under 
the chin of the male, the feathers are white: and the 
head in that fex is adorned with a fhort loefe pendent 
creft: the coverts of the wings, the fcapulars, and 
the back, are of a deep green, edged with black, and 
gloffed with blue: the quil feathers and tail dusky; 
the laft confifts of fourteen feathers: the belly dusky 
with a whitifh bed in the midit of it: onthe thighs 
of the male is a tuft of white feathers: the legs are 
fhort, ftrong, and black; the middle claw ferrated 
on the infide: the irides are of a light afh-color. 
Thefe birds occupy the higheft parts of the cliffs that 
impend over the fea: they make their nefts of fticks, 
fea tang, grafs, &c. and:lay fix or feven white eggs 
of an oblong form. In winter they difperfe along the 
fhores, and vifit the frefh waters, where they make 
ereat havoke among the ffh. They are remarkably 
voracious, having a moft fudden digeftion, promoted 
by the infinite quantity of {mall worms that fill their 
inteftines. The corvorant has the rankeft and moft 
difagreeable fmel! of any bird, even when alive. Its 
form is difagreeable,; it voice hoarfe and croaking, 
and its qualities bafe. No wonder then that. Mion 
fhould make /aéaz perionate this bird, to /urvey uxde- 
licdted the beauties ot Paradife: and ft devifing destb, 
enthe tree of life *. 

* Paradife lof, book vv, 1. 194, &c. 
Hih 2 | I], The 


Defer. 


478 Sr ANG: -Clafs Il, 


Ue athe 1S HAG. 


Corvus aquaticus minor, Aldr. Le petit Cormoran. Brifoz av. 
au. ill, 109. WieicMOn 
The Shag, calledinthe Northof Pelecanus graculus. Liz. jf. 


England the Crane. Wil. ora. Zier : 
Phalacrocorax criftatus. Norvegis 


330. i 

Corvus aquaticus minor. Gracu- Top-Skarv. Brunnich ornith. 
lus palmipes dius. Razé /yx. 123. 
BU. 123s). Br. Zool. 159- 


ey" HE fhag is much inferior in fize to the cor- 
vorant: the leneth is twenty-feven inches; the 
breadth three feet fix. The bill is four inches long, 
and more flender than that of the preceding: the 
head is adorned with a creft two inches long, pointing 
backward: the whole plumage of the upper part of 
this bird is of a fine and very fhining green, the edges 
ef the feathers a purplifh black; but the lower part 
of the back is wholly green: the belly is dufky: the 
tail confiits of only twelve feathers, of a dusky hue, 
tinged with green; the legs are black, and like thofe 
of the corvorant. Both thefe fpecies agree in their 
manners, and breedin the fame places: and, what 
is very ftrange in webbed-footed birds, will perch 
and build in trees, both fwim with their head quite 
erect, and are very difficult to be fhot,; for, like the 
Grebes and Divers, as foon as they fee the flath of the 
gun pan, they pop under water, and never rife but 
at a confiderable diftance. | | 
We are indebted for this bird to the late Mr. 
William Morris of Holyhead, with whom we had a con- 
ftant correfpondence for feveral years, receiving from 
that 


Clafs IE. GANNET. 479 


that worthy man and intelligent naturalift, regular 
and faithful accounts of the various animals frequen- 
ing that vaft promontory. 


MM, othe? Gea iN NB: Pt 


Anfer Joffanuys five /coticus. Gefner Solan Goole. Martin's voy. St. 


av. 163. Kilda. 2”. 
Aldr. av. 68. Defcript. weft. ifles. 281. 
Sula. Hozeri Cluf. ex. 367- Macauly’s hiff, St. Kilda. 133. 
HeG&or Boeth. 6. Sula Baffana, le Fou de Baffan, 
Soland Goofe. Wil, orn. 328. Briffon av. vi. 503. tab. 44. 
Raii fyn. av. 122» Pelecanus Baflanus. Zin. Lyfe 
Itiz. 191.'269. 279. 2176 
Sibb. bift. Scot. 20. tab. 9» Norvegis Sule, Hav-Sul. Brunnich, 


Sib, bift. Fife. 45. 47. 124. 
Jaen van Gent. Marten’s Spitz- Br. Zool. 160. 


berg. 97 


HIS fpecies weighs four pounds and a quarter: 
the length is three feet one inch; the breadch 
fix feet two inches. The bill is fix inches long, ftrair 
almoft tothe point where it inclines down; andthe 
fides are irregularly jagged, that it may hold its prey 
with more fecurity: about an inch from the bafe of 


Defer. 


the upper mandible is a fharp procefs pointing forward; | 


it has no noftrils; but in their place a long furrow, 
that reaches almoft to the end of the bill: the whole 
is of a dirty white, tinged with afh-color. The tongue 
is very fmall, and placed low in the mouth: a naked 
skin of a fine blue furrounds the eyes, which are of 
a pale yellow, and are full of vivacity: this bird is 
remarkable for the quicknefs of its fight ; Marziz tells 
us that Solan is derived from an Jrifo word expreflive 
of that quality, 

Hh3 From 


Fie WN GANN-ET: Clafs in 


From the corner of the mouth is a narrow ip of 
black bare skin, that extends to the hind part of the 
head: beneath the chin is another, that like the pouch 
of the Pelecan, is dilatable, and of fize fufficient to 
contain five or fix entire herrings; which, in the 
breeding feafon, it carries at once to its mate or young. 

The neck is very long: the body flat, and very 
full of feathers: the crown of the head, anda {mall 
fpace on the hind part of the neck is buff colored: 
the reft of the plumage is white: the baftard wing 
and greater quil feathers excepted, which are black; 
the legs and toes are black; but the fore part of both 
are marked with a ftripe of fine pea green. The tail 
confifts cf twelve fharp pointed- feathers, the middle 
of which is the longeft. 

The young birds, during the firft year, differ 
reatly in color from the ne ones; being of a dusky 
ive, fpeckled with numerous triangular white {pots - 
nd at that time refemble in colors the /peckled Diver. 
wach bird, if left undifturbed, would only lay one 
egg in the ate but if that be taken away, they will 
Jay another; if that is alfo taken, then a third; but 
never more that feafon. A wif ie provifion of nature, 
to prevent the extinétion of the fpecies by accidents, 
and to fupply food for the inhabitants of the places 
where they breed; their egg is white, and rather Jefs 
than that ot the common goofe; the neft islargeand 
formed. of any thing the bird finds floating on the 
water fuch as orafs, fea-p plants, fhavings, 8c.) Thele , 
birds frequent the ie of Ail/c, in the Firth of Chde ; ~ 
the rocks adjacent to S¢. Kilda, a {mali ifle »near the 


S Orkneys 3 


Clafs TH. GAN NET. 434 
‘Orkneys; the Skelig ifles, off the coafts of Kerry, Ire- 
dand * and the Ba/s ifle, in the firth of Edinburgh: the 
multitudes that inhabite thefe places are prodigious. 
Dr. Harvey’s elegant account of the latter, will ferve 
to give fome idea of the numbers of thefe, and of the 
other birds that annually migrate to that little fpot, 

“© There isa fmall ifland called by the Scotch Bafs 
“ ifland, mot more than amile in circumference, the fur- 
** face is almoft wholly covered during the months:of May 
** and June with nefls, eggs, and young birds; fo that 
** 745 fcarcely poffible to walk without treading on them: 
“° and the flocks of birds in flight, are fo prodigious as to 
“° darken the air like clouds ; and their noife is fuch that 
<< you cannot without dificully bear your nent neighbour's 
** voice. If you look down upon the fea, from the top of 
<< the precipice, ‘you will fee it on every fide-covered with 
“* infinite numbers of birds of different kinds, [wimming 
*: aud bunting for their prey: if in failing round the ifland 
“° you furvey the banging cliffs, you may fee in every cragg 
“* or jiffure of the broken rocks, innumerable birds of va- 
“¢ rious forts and fizes, more than the tars of heaven wher 
<< viewed in a ferene night: if from afar you fee the dif- 
“© gant flocks, either flying to or from the ifland, you would 
*-jmagine them to be avaft farina of bees +. 


* This information we owe to that worthy prelate, the late Dr. 
Pocock, Bilhop of Meath; who had vifited the Skedigs. Wir. Smith, 
dn his hiftories of Core and Kerry, confounds this bird with the Gull 
deferibed by Mr. W2iloughéy ; frem whom he has evidently bor- 
rowed the whole defcription. 

+ Ef infula parva, Scotti Baffe nominant, haud amplius mille 
pafuum circuitu amplituds gus claudetur. Hujus infule Juperficies, 
menfibus Maio (S Funto nidis ovis pulli/que ee im tote infirata ey 
adeo ut vix, pre corum copia pedem livere ponere licsat : aries ue fupern 
wolantium turba, ut nubium inftar, falem celumgue avferant : tautu/gue 
Gociferanté ui clan or ty frepitus, ut prope Ale gue nie ess See Si 

St h A Subj ec wet3 


482 GANNET. Clafs Tf. 


Nor do the rocks of $7. Ki/da*feems to be lefs fre- 
quented by thefe birds; for Martin affures us, that. 
the inhabitants of that fmall ifland confume annually 
no lefs than 22,600 young birds of this fpecies, be-. 
fides an amazing quantity of their eggs; thele being 
their principal fupport throughout the year; they pre- 
ferve both eges and fowls in {mall pyramidal ftone 
buildings, covering them with turf afhes, to preferve 
them from moifture. This is a dear-bought food, 
earned atthe hazard of their lives, either by climbing 
the moft difficult and narrow paths, where (to ap- 
pearance) they can barely cling, and that too, at an a- 
mazing height over a raging fea: or elfe being 
lowered down from above, they colleét their annual 
provifion, thus hanging in midway air; placing their 
whole dependance on theuncertain footing of one per- 
fon who holds the rope, by which they are fufpended 
at the top of the precipice. 

The Gannets are birds of pafface. Their firft ap- 
pearance in thofe iflands is in March; their continuance 
there till Augu/t or September, according as the inhabi- 
tants take or leave their firftegg; but in general the 
time of breeding, and that of their departure feems 
to coincide with the arriva] of the herring, and the 
migration of that ffh (which is their principle food) 


fubjeGium mare inde, tanquam ex edita turri &S altiffimo precipitio def- 
pexeris, idem quoguo versiim, infinitis diverforum generum avibus natan- 
tibus predeque inhiantibus, opertum videas. Si circumnavigando im- 
minentem clivum Jufpicere libuerit ; videas in fingulis prerupti loci cree 
pidinibus & receffibus, avium cupuflibet generis 5 magnituaints, ordines 
innumerabiles, plures fané quam noce, fereno cals, fell confpiciuntur, 
Si advolantes avolante/que eminus adjpexeris, apum profeio ingens ex= 
emen credas. De generat, Anima!. Exercit. it. 


out 


Clafs If. oe WIN Br 483 


out of thofe feas. Itis probable that thefe birds attend 
the herring and pilchard during their whole circuit . 
round the Britib iflands ; the appearance of the for- 
mer being always efteemed by the fifhermen as a fure 
prefage of the approach of the latter. It migrates in 
quett of food as far fouth, asthe mouth of the Zagus, 
being frequently feen off Lisbon during the month of 
December, plunging for Sardine, filh refembling, 
if not the fame with our Pilchard. 

They are well known on moft of our coafts; but 
not by the name of the Soland-Goofe. In Cornwal and 
in Ireland they are called Gannets, by the WelfH Gan. 
The excellent Mr. Ray fuppofed the Cornifh Gannet to 
be a {pecies of large Gulls a very excufable miftake, 
for during his fix months refidence in Cornwal, he 
never had an opportunity of feeing that bird, except 
flying; and in the air ic has the appearance of a Gull. 
Onthat fuppofition he gave our Skua, p. 4.17.the title of 
Cataraéia, aname borrowed from 4ri/fotle*, and which 
admirably exprefies the rapid defcent of this bird on 
its prey. Mr. Moyle firft detected the miftake+; and 
the Rev. Doctor William Borlafe, by prefenting us with 
a fine fpecimen of this bird, confirms the opinion of 
Mr. Moyle; atthe fame time he favored us with fo 
accurate an account of fome part of the natural hiftory 
of this bird, that we fhall ufethe hberty he indulged 
us with, of adding it to this defcription. 

‘< The Gannet comes on the coafts of Cornwa/ inthe 
<¢ latter end of fummer, or beginning of autumn; 
‘hovering over the fhoals of pilchards that come 


* Page 1045. : 
+ Moyles works 1. A246 


F R | 


€ Aanwes 
. Gown 


484 GANNETT, Clafs IL, 


¢ down to us through St. George’s channel from the 
«° northern feas. The Gannet feldom comes near the 
¢ jJand, but is conftant to its prey, a fure fign to the: 
«: ffhermen that the pilchards are on the coafts; and 
«* when the pilchards retire, generaily about the end 
“° of November, the Gannets are feen no more. The 
¢< bird now fent was killed at Chandour near Mountfbay 
$* Sept. 30, 1762, after a long ftrugele with a water- 
<< fpaniel, affifted by the boatmens for it was ftrone 
<< and pugnacious. The perfon who took it obferved 
€¢ that it had a tranfparent membrane under the eyelid, 
“ with which it covered at pleafure the whole eye, 
** without obfcuring the fight or fhutting the eyelid; 
‘© a gracious provifion for the fecurity of the eyes of 
‘* fo weighty a creature, whofe method of taking its 
«* prey is by darting headlong on it from a height of 
<a hundred and fifty feet or more into the water, 
«+ About four years ago one of thefe birds flying over 
“ Penzance, (a thing that rarely happens) and feeing 
«¢ fome pilchards lying on a fir-plank, in a cellar ufed 
“ for curing fith, darted itfelf down with fuch violence 
<* chat it {truck its bill quite through the board (about 
“an inch and a quarter thick) and broke its neck.” 

Thefe birds are fometimes taken at fea by a decep. 
tion of the like kind: The Sthermen faften a pilchard 
to a board, and leave it floating; which inviting baie 
cecoys the unwary Ganmnet to its own deftruction. 

We are uncertain whether the Gaumet breeds in any 
other part of Europe befides our own iflands ; except (as 
Mr. Ray fufpeéts, the Su/a, defcribed in Clufius’s Exotics, 
which breeds in the Ferree ifles) be the fame bird. In 
America there are two fpecies of birds of this oenuUs, 

that 


ye 
Me 


XI. The ROLLER. 


SAWING 

\ XS, 
S\\\' HNN 
uti 


——_—___—— 


Frllor t puttx 4 


: 4pp 


The NUTCRACKER . 


at % ut 
ey tin | 
os ty aM 7 


fs 
fH 


Gy 


\ i Wy 
bat vis 
ARNE 


Uavt 


XIV i "The ROSE COLORED OUZEL. App NY 


. . ; Nw DON i 
G, Cb nencel I Gee SAS ig 
O, Cle a on mel at PMc frac 4 
ih 


Ulals IT. G AN UNCECHT 485 
that bear a great refemblance to it in their general form 
and their manner of preying. Mr. Cate/by has given 
the figure of the head of one, which he calls the 
Greater Booby; his defcription fuits that of the young 
Gannet;, but the angle on the lower mandible made 
us formerly fufpect that it was not the fame bird; but 
from fome late informations we have been favored 
with, we find it is common to both countries, and 
during fummer frequents North America. Like the Pen- 
guin, itinforms navigators of the approach of /oundings, 
who on fight of it drop the plummet. Linnzus clafles 
our bird with the Pe/ecan; in the tenth edition of his 
fyftem, he confounds it with the bird defcribed by Sir 
Hans Sloane, hift. Fam. vol. i. p. 31. preface. whofe co- 
lors differ from the Gannet in each ftage of life: but 
in his laft edition-he very properly feparates them. 
We continue it in the fame ciafs, under the generical 
name of Corvorants, as more familiar to the Engl 
ear than that of Pelecan. 


f » 
RAT 3 


Bis Pig Ey: DNs leadees 


Birds now extinct in Great-Britain, or fach 
as wander here accidentally, 


Lea IN Bee Rea Ss 


f.oThe ROLLE RR? > Vedi 707 


Roller. W2). orn. 131. -Spranfk Kraka, Blakraka, Alle. 


Garrulus argentoratenfis. Raiifyn. __ kraka. Faun. Suec. fp. 94. 
av. Al, Edw. 109. ; 


4 
Galgulus, le Rollier. Brifon av. ‘The Shagarag. Shaw’s travels, 
li, 64. rab. 5 fs 


: ZG2° 
Coracias Garrula, Lin, ff. 159. Ellekrage. Brunnich. ane 


F thefe birds we have heard of only two being 

feen at large in our ifland; one was fhot near 
Helfton-bridge, Cornwal, and an account of it tranf- 
mitted to us by the reverend doctor William Borlaje. 
They are frequent in moft parts of Europe, and we 
have received them from Denmark. 

In fize it isequaltoa jay. The bill is black, pop. 
ftrait, and hooked at the point; the bafe befet with ’ 
briftles : the fpace about the eyes is bare and naked: 
behind each ear is alfo another bare fpot or protu- 
berance: the head, neck, breaft and belly are of a 
light bluifh green: the back and feathers of the 
wings next to it are of a reddifh brown: the coverts 


on the ridge of the wings are of a rich blue ; beneath 
them 


488 APPENDIX, 


them oF a pale green : the upper part and tips of the 


quil-feathers are dufky; the lower parts of a fine - 


deep blue; the rump is of the fame color: the tail 
confifts of twelve feathers, of which the outmoft on - 
each fide'are confiderably longer than the reft; are of 
a light blue, and tipt with black, beneath that fpot 
of adeep blue; as is the cafe with fuch part of the 
quil-fearhers that are black above: the other feathers 
of the tail are of a dull green: the legs fhort, and of 
a dirty yellow. 

It is remarkable for making a chatterine noife, 
from which itis by fome called Garrulus. 


I. .The NUTCRACKER. Jab. 19. 


Caryocatattes, Wl. orn. 132. - -Notwecka,Notkraka. Faun. Suec. ” 


Raii fin. av. 42. | Jp. 19. 
Nucifraga, le Caffe-noix. Brifon Edw. 240. 
avall. 59. tab. 5. Danis Noddekrige. Norvegis 


Corvus Caryocatactes.. Lin. fpf. Not-kraake. Brunnich. 34. 
157+ 


PRE fpecimen we toke our defcription from, 
is the only oné we ever heard was fhot in thefe 
kingdoms; it was killed near Mojtyn, Flinifbire, 
Ofiober 5, 1753. 

It- was fomewhat lefs than a jackdaw: the bill 
ftrait, ftrong and black: the color of the whole head 
and neck, breaft and body, was a rufty brown: 
the crown of the head and the rump were plain: the 
other parts marked with trianeular white fpots > the 
wines are black: the coverts fpotted in the fame’ 
manner as the body: the tail rounded at the end, 
' black 


APPENDIX, 486 


black tipt with white: the vent feathers white: the 
legs dufky. 

This bird is alfo found in moft parts of Europes 
We received a fpecimen’ from Denmark by means of 
Mr. Brannich, author of the Ornithologia borealis, a 
gentleman to whofe friendfhip we owe a numerous 
collection of the curiofities of his country. 

It feeds on nuts, from whence the name. 


HI. The ROSE COLORED OUZEL. fab. 143 


Wil, orn. 194. Turdus rofeus. Lin. Dif 294» 
Merula rofea. Rai fn av.67. Faun. Suec, fp. 219. 
Le Merle ColeurdeRofe. Brifon Edw. 20. 

Ua ile 2506 


LY twice in our Ifland, near London, at Norwood, 
and another timein Norfolk. The figure of this and 
the preceding, were copied, by permiffion, from his 
beautiful and accurate defiens, which we eratefully 
acknowlege, as well as every other affiftance from our 
worthy friend ; whofé pencil has done as much honor 
to our country, as the integrity ef his heart, and com- 
municative difpofition, has procured him efteem from 
a mumerous and refpectable acquaintance. | 

The fize of this bird appears by the print to be 
equal to that of a flare. The bill,at the point is 
lack, at the bafe a dirty flefh color: the head is 
adorned with a creft hanging backwards. The head, 
ereft, neck, wings, and tail are black, elofied with a 
changeable blue, purple aud green: the breaft, belly, 
back, 


f R. Edwards difeovered this beautiful bird ~ 


Defcr; 


490 APPENDIX. 


back, and lefler coverts of the wings are of a rofe 
color, mixed with a few fpots cf black: the legs of a 
dirty orange color. 

This bird is found in Lapland, Italy and Syria. A- 
bout Aleppo it is called the /ocuft Lird, pofbly from 
its food; and appears there only in fummer*. In 
Italy it is ftyled the fea-ftare ; and as Aldrovandus fays, 
frequents heaps of dung+. And Mr. Ekmarck f in- 
forms us, that it refides in Lapland, never paffing 
beyond the limits of that frozen region. We have 
mentioned very oppofite climes, but believe it to be 
a {carce bird in all, at left in Europe. 


IVii The’ C Ro ACNE, “aon, 


Le Grue. Belon. av. 187. tab. 33. ; 

Gros. Ge/ner av. 528. Kranich. Kram. 345. 

A Crane. Turner. Ardea Grus. Lzn, /yff. 234. 
Gru, Grua. Ald. av. ill. 132. Trana, Faun. Suec. fp. 161, 
Wil. orn. 274+ Danis Trane. Brunnich, 
Raii fyn. av. 95. Br. Zool, 118. 


La Grue. Brifin av. Vv. 374- 


HIS. fpecies was placed, in the folio edition of 

the Zoclgy, among the Briti#/h birds, on the 
authority of Mr. Ray; who informs us, that in his 
time, they were found during the winter in large 
fiocks in Lincolufbire and Cambridgefbire: but on the 
ftri€teft enquiry we learn, that at prefent the inhabi- 
tants of thofe counties are entirely unacquainted with 


* Rufel's bi. Alep. 70. 
+ Aldr. av.ii. 283. 
t Migr. av. Amen. acad. iv. 594s 


them; 


.e ‘ The CRANF. Ap? 


fy) pe iy | i 
UY WA yy My di, 
} y} 


E= WN 


YY a 
hor” 
lr 


) 
iui 


~~ 
ZZ 


a EYL 
Tt pig 
UR 


AP P'E ND 1X, 491 


them; we therefore conclude, that thefe birds have 
forfaken our ifland, They were formerly in high 
efteem at our tables, for the delicacy of their fleth ; 
for they feed only on grain, herbs, or infects ; fo 
have nothing of the ranknefs of the pifcivorous birds 
of thisgenus.  * 

Its weight is about ten pounds; the length fix Defer. 
feet; che bill of a darkith green, four inches long ; 
and a little depreffed on the top of the upper mandible; 
the top of the head covered with black briftles; the 
back of the head bald and red, beneath which is an 
afh-colored fpot : from the eyes on each fide is a broad 
whité line the whole length of the neck: the fore 
part as far as the breaft. is black: the quil-feathers 
are black: the tail afh-colored tipt with black: all 
the reft of the plumage is afh-colored. The legs are 
black. No author except Ge/zer takes notice of a 
large tuft of feathers that {pring out of one pinion on 
each wing: thefe are unwebbed and finely curled at 

the ends, which the birds have power to erect or de- 
prefs; when depreffed they hang over and cover the 
tail. Gener tells us, that thefe feathers ufed in his 
time to be fet in gold, and worn as ornaments in caps. 
Though this fpecies feemsto have forfaken thefeiflands 
at prefent, yet it was formerly a native, as we find in 
Willoughby, p. 52. that there was a penalty of twenty- 
pence for deftroying an egg of this bird; and Turner 
relates that he has very often feen their young in our , 

~marthes. Marfigh * fays, that the crane lays two 
eggs like thofe of a goofe, but of a bluifh color. 


* Hif. Danub. v. p. 8. 
Py V. The 


Defer. 


492 AvP) BP EYNaDy lke 


V. The EGRET. Tab. 16. 


Leffer white Heron. Wil. orn. é 

280. L’Aigrette. Briffon av. v. 431+ 
Ardea Garzetta. Lin. /yff.237. Kleiner Weifler Rager. Krams 
Ardea Alba minor. Ra#i syz. av. 345- 


7 © once received out of 4ngiefea, the feathers of 
a bird fhot there, which we fufpect to be 
the Egret, this is the only inftance perhaps of 
its being found in our country. That formerly 
this bird was very frequent here, appears by fome of 
the old bills of fare: in the famous feaft of arch- 
bifhop Nevi//, we find no lefs than a thoufand A/fe- 
vides *, Egrets or Egrittes, as it is differently fpelr. 
Perhaps the efteem they were in as a delicacy during 
thofe days, occafioned their extirpation in our iflands; 
abroad they are {till common, efpecially in the 
fouthern parts of Europe, where they appear in 
flocks, 

The Z£gret isa moft elegant bird ; it weighs about 
one pound; the length is twenty-four inches, to the 
end of the legs thirty-two: the bill is flender and 
black: the fpace about the eyes naked and green: 
the irides of a pale yellow: thechead adorned with a 
beautiful creft, compofed of fome fhort, and of two 
long feathers hanging backward; thefe are upwards 
oj four inches in length: the whole plumage is of a 
retplendent whiteaefs : the feathers on the breaft and 
the ‘capulars are very delicate, long, flender andjun- 


* Godwin de Preful. Angl: com. 


webbed, 


The KGRET, App oa 


Ye = —= 


7; 


XVI. The LITTLE BITTERN . 


SS 


= 5 S=— 
LO = = —— 
a a 


SS 


APPENDIX. 493 


webbed, hanging in the lighteft and loofeft manner: 
the legs are of a dark green almoft black: the fcapu- 
lars and the creft were formerly much efteemed as 
ornaments for caps and head-pieces; fo that aigreite 
and egret came to fignify any ornament to a cap, 
though originally the word was derived from aigre, a 
caufe de Vaigreur de fa voix*. 

We never met with this bird or the crane in Eng- 
land, but formed our defcriptions from {pecimens in 
the elegant cabinet of Doctor Mauduit in Paris. 


Mio the it bh Pee BPI eh RN. Tone 


Ardeola (le Blongios) Brifin av. Kram. 348. 
V.407. tab. ao. fig. 1. Boonk or long Neck. Shaw's 
Ardea vertice dorioque nigris, Travels, 255. 
collo antice et alarum tedirici- Ardea Minuta. Lin. /yf. 240. 
bus lutefcentibus, (Stauden Edw. av. 275. 
Ragerl, Kleine ,Moofs-kuh.) 


iy Waa fpecies was fhot as it perched on one of the 

trees in the Quarry or public walks in Shrew/- 
bury, on the banks of the Severs it is frequent in many 
other parts of Europe, but the only one we ever heard 
of in England. 

The length to the tip of the tail was fifteen inches, 
to the end of the toe, twenty. The bill to the cor- 
ners of the mouth two inches and a half long, dufky 
at the point ; the fides yellow; the edge jagged: the 
bulk of the body not larger than that of a fielafare. 

~The top of the head, the back, and tail were black, 
gloffed with an obfcure green : the neck is very long, 


* Belon av. 195. 
hie the 


Defcr. 


44 AP PEN Dns 


the forepart of which, the breaft and thighs, were of 
a buff-color: the belly and vent feathers white: the 
hind-part of the neck bare of feathers, but covered 
with thofe growing on the fide of it: on the fetting 
on of the wing, is a large chefnut fpot: the leffer 
coverts of a yellowifh buff: the larger coverts whitifh: 
the web of that next the back half buf, and half 
black: the quil-feathers black: the legs and toes 
dufky ; and what is fingular in a bird of this genus, 
the feathers grow down to the knees: the infide of 
the middle claw is ferrated. . 

For this defcription and the drawing, we are indeb- 
to Mr, Plymley, 


Mention 


Ag? + Bias ON De ik, 


495 


Mention having been fo frequently made, in this 
work, of the old Engljb fealts, and the fpecies 
of animals that formed the good cheer; we tranfcribe 
from Leland an account of that given at the introna- 
zation of George Nevell, archbifhop of York, in the 
reign of Edward \V. and of the goodly provifion 


made for the fame. 


In wheate, 300 quarters 
Irate ~'- = “200 tunne 
Wyne, - - 100 tunne 
Of ypocraffe - 1 pype 
In oxen, - - 104 
Wylde Bulles, 6 
Migtons), =. '>,., rOeo 
Veales, - - 304 
Porkes, - ~ 304 
Swannes, - 4°90 
Geele, oF NZ OOO 
Capons,.) <>) 2+ ' 1000 
Pyoees, 44 .= sy 2000 
Ployers,...-. -,. .'400 
Quayles, E00 dozen 
Of the foules called rees 

200. dozen 
In peacockes, 104 


Mallardesandteales, 4000 


In cranes, - 204. 
In kyddes - 204 
In chyckens 2000 
Pigeons ~ 4000 
Conyes, - 4000 
Inbittors, - = 204 


Li 3 


Heronfhawes, 400 
Feffauntes, 20 
Partriges, - 500 
Wodcockes, - 400 
Curlewes 4 SIU FOO 
Kerittes. - - 1000 


Stagees, bucks and roes, 
500 and mo. 

Pafties of venifon colde, 
4000. 

Parted dyfhes of gellies 
1000 

Playne dythes of gellies, 
3000 

Colde tartes baked, 4000 
Colde cuftardes baked, 


3000 
Hot pafties of venifon, 
1500 
Hot cuftardes - 2000 


Pykesand breames, 608 

Porpofes and feals, 12 

Spices, fugared delicates, 
and wafers plentic. 


Befides 


400. POP SEE ND 


Befides the birds in the above lift, there are men- 
tioned, inthe particular of the courfes*, Redfbanks, 
Styntes, Larkes and Martynettes roft, if the laft were 
the fame with the martin fwallow, our anceftors were 
as general devourers of {mall birds as the Italians are 
at prefent, to whom none come amils. 

~ We muft obierve, that in the order of the courfes 
it appears, that only the greatelt delicacies were ferved 
up, as we may fuppofe to the table where the nobility, 
gentlemen, and gentlewomen of worfbip were feated ; 
and thofe feemed to have been dreffed with almoft as 
much art and difguile as at prefent. They had like- 
wile their defert, or, as the term was, /uttelize; which 
was in form of dolphins or other animals; and fome- 
times recourfe was had to the kalendar to embellith 
the table, and St. Pau’, St. Thomas, St. Dunftan, anda 
whole multitude of augels, prophetes and patriarkes +, 
were introduced as /uézelties to honor the day. 

As no mention is made among the difhes that com- 
pofed two of the courfes, of the geefe, the pygges, 
the veales, and other more fubjitantial food, thofe 
muft have been allotted to the franklins and bead 


‘veomen in the lower ball: and thofe moft fingular pro- 


vifions, the porpofes and feales, indelicate as they may 
feem at prefent, in old times were admitted to the beft 
tables : the former, at left, as we learn from doctor 


Caius t, who mentions it not only as a common food, 
but even deicribes its fauce. 

* Leland’s colleGanea, yi. 2. 

+ Idem, 23. 


JT Catz opufc. 113. 


AD- 


/ 


APPENDIX. 497 


ADDITIONS TO CLASS I. AND IL. 


Lore, page 2. 


Ox, 18, 


After three, ‘‘ the former, ac- 
cording to doctor Maty’s com- 
putation, covering at every 
bound a fpace of ground equal 
in length to twenty-three feet 
royal; the latter only that of 
eighteen feet and a half royal. 

Mr. Wall, in his late treatife 
on horfes, informs us, that the 
fineft breed comes from the little 
kingdom of Yemine, in Arabia 
Felix, that thofe of the other 
parts of Arabia are but little © 
valued: but a horfe of the beft 
breed in South Arabia, will fell 
for two orthree hundred guineas 
on the fpot; that other horfes 
have fold for four or five hun- 
dred guineas ; and that fome of 
the great breeders in that coun- 
try will not part with a favorite 
ftallion under fiveteen hundred 
guineas.” 


Holing/bed fays, but we know not 
on what authority, that the Ro- 
mans preferred the Britih cattle 
to thofe of Liguria. Hol, Defcr. 
Britain 109. 

Li4 | Dogs, 


498 APPRENDI &Y 


The firfk that broke a fetting 
dog to the net, was an Englifb 
POniecen of moft diftinguifhed 
abilities, Robert Dudley, duke of 
Northumberland. Wood ii. 27. 


Che following faét may be de- 
pended on, which confirms the 
intercourfe between the pole- 
cat and the ferret. The reve- 
rend Mr. Lewis, vicar of Lian- 
fowel, in Caermarthenfbire, nada 
tame female ferret which was 
permitted to go about the houfe, 
it abfented itfelf for feveral days, 

and then returned; it proved 
with young, and produced nine 
of a deep brown color, mere 
like the polecat than the ferret, 

This female could not copulare 
with one of its own fpecies, 
the owner having no other: and 
thofe in the neighborhood were 

three miles diftant, and clofely 

confined. 


The le/s long tailed Field This is a non-defcript fpecies 


Moufe, 104, 


communicated to us this year 
by the rev. Mr. White ae Seb- 
borne, Hants. 


They are very frequent in 


Hampfbire, efpecially during har- 


vett. 


——— 


APPENDIX. 499 


velt. They form their nef 
above the ground, between the 
‘{traws of the ftanding corn, and 
fometimes in thiftles: itis of a 
round fhape, and compoled of 
the blades of corn. hey 
bring about eight young ata 
time. ! 
-Thefe never enter houfes: 
but are often carried in the 
fheaves of corn into ricks; and 
often a hundred of them have 
been found in a fingle rick, on 
pulling it down to be houfed. 

Thofe that are not thus car- 
ried away in the fheaves, fhelter 
themfelves during winter under 
cround, and burrow deep, form- 
ing a warm bed for themfelves 
of dead grafs. 

They are the fmalleft of the 
Britifh quadrupeds : their length 
from nofe to tail is only two 
inches and a half: their tail two 
inches : their weight one fixth of 
anounce. They are more flen- 
Ger than the other Jong tailed 
Field Moufe ; their eyes lefs pro- 
minent; their ears naked, and 
ftanding out of the fur; their 
tail fichtly covered with hair; 

their 


500 ACE PEON DNS 


Bat, 115. 


Peregrine Falcon, 136. 


Kite, 141. 


their back of a fuller red than 
the larger fpecies, inclining to 
the color of a Dormoufe: the 
belly white: a {trait line along 
the fides, dividing the colors of 
the back and belly. 


Mr. White favored us with 


an account of a tame bat 
that he faw laft fummer, 
which would eat infects out of a 
perfon’s hand: while it was 
eating, it brought its wings 
round before its mouth, hover- 
ing in the manner of birds of 


prey. 


The fame gentleman fent us a 
bird of this fpecies fhot in Hants, 
jut after it had ftruck down a 
rook, and was tearing it to 
pieces: it was a variety that 
differed from our falcon, in 
having the whole under fide of 
the body ofa dirty deep yellow, 
but the black bars were fimilar 
in both. 


Clufius relates, that when he 


was. at London, he obferved a 
moft amazing number of kites, 
that flocked there for the fake 

of 


AYP PRIN D fi: 5o1 


Moor Buzzard, 146. 


Pheafant, 212. 


Ring-ouzel, 229. 


of the offal, &c. which was flung 
into the ftreets. To kill them 
was forbidden; and they were fo 
tame as to take their prey in the 
midft of the greateft crowds, 
&c. Belon. obf. ad finem Cluf. 
exot. 108. 


Feeds on fith; for we have dif- 
covered the bones and {cales in 
the ftomach of a bird of this 
{pecies. 


Mr, Brooks, the bird-merchant 
in Hetborn, fhewed us a variety 
of the common pheafant, which 
he thought came from China ; 
the male of which had a white 
ring round its neck ; the other 
colors refembled thofe of the 
common fpecies, but were more 
brilliant. 


Mr. Garnons of Rhiwgoch, in 
Merionethfbire, fays, that there 
was ina rock near his houfe a 
neft of thefe birds with five 
young ones. That he knew of 
one that was kept in a cage 
twelve years. That the fong of 
thefe birds is very fine, and like 
that of a throftle. 


Swal- 


502 


. Swallows, 250- 


&&PPEN OX. 


To the evidences there men- 
tioned of fwallows being found 
in atorpid ftate during winter, 
we may add the following, re- 
ceived fince the printing of that 
page. 

The reverend Mr. Conway, of 
Sychton, Flintifoire, was {o oblig- 
ing as to communicate the 
following fact; a few years 


_ago, on looking down an old 


Jead mine in that county, he ob- 
ferved numbers of —fwallows 
clinging to the timbers of the 
fhaft, feemingly afleep; and 
on flinging fome gravel on 
them, they juft moved, but ne- 
ver attempted to fly or change 
their place; this was between 
All Saints and Chriftmas. 

Mr. Rice Hughes, of Cemmes, 
in Montgomeryfbire,informed us, 
that he has feen, when a boy, 
in a gravelly bank near Lian y 
Mowddwy, a clufter of five or 
fix fwallows in a torpid ftate; 
and about two years ago, he 
toke a fingle fwallow that drop-. 
ped down a chimney in a like 
ftate ; but that on holding it to 
the fire it revived. 


Both 


APPENDIX. 503 


Both thefe facts were during 
winter. 
In February, 1766, Mr. Henry 
Tyler, {chool-mafter, at Longnor, 
Shropfbire, faw two {wifts ad- 
hering by the claws, and in a 
torpid ftate, taken from under 
the roof of Longuor Chappel ; 
that on being expofed to the 
fire, they revived and moved 
about the room. 

On the twenty-third of Ofo- 
ber laft, a martin was feen in 
Southwark, flying in and out of 
irs neft: and on the twenty- 
ninth of the fame month, four 
or five /wallows were obferved 
hovering round and fettling on 
the county hofpital at Oxford. 
As thefe birds muft have been 
of a late hatch, it is highly im- 
probable that at fo late a feafon 
of the year, they would attempt 
from one of our midland coun- 


ties, a voyage almoft as far as 
the equator to Senegal or Goree: 


we are therefore confirmed in 
our notion, that there is only a 
partial migration of thefe birds ; 
and that the feeble late hatches 
conceal themfelves in this coun- 
try. 

. Wheat-ears 


5O4 APPEWN DIX, 


Wheat-ear, 270. 


Ruffs 365. 


Knot, 366. 


Small {potted water- 
ben, 386. 


This bird is much fatter after a 
rainy feafon than adry one, for 
it not only feeds on the flies 
mentioned in its hiftory, but on 
earth-worms, which come out 
of the ground in great numbers 
during wet weather. 


Are taken in many places by 
a fingle day net, concealed 
in fhallow water, in which little 
iflands are made within the 
compafs of the net, and on them 
the {tales are put. 


in the prefent hard winter, num- 
bers of the fpecies we call the 
ofo-coloredfandpiper were brought 
to us. They varied greatly, 
but on examination we believe 
them to be the knot, fo requeft 
thofe two fpecies may be con- 
fidered as one. 


Breeds in Lincolnfbire, where it 
is known by the name of quail, 


OF 


OF TAME 


me. Ce LAT LT COUN 


O F 


BRITISH BIRDS. 


Qiiam multz glomerantur aves! ubi frigidus annus 


Trans pontum fugat, et terris immittit apricis. Virgzi. 


e 


HE migration of birds, is a fubje€t of fo curious 

a nature, that every one who attempts to write 

the natural hiftory of animals, ought to look upon it 

as an effential part of his inquiries, and at the fame 

time fhould endeavour to affion the caufe why fome 

birds prefercertain places for their fummer, others, 
for their winter refidence. 

To be qualified for this tafk, it is neceflary that 
the inquirer fhould confine himfelf to one certain 
tract the whole year; he fhould be diligent in ob- 
ferving the arrival, and the difappearance of birds ; 
he fhould commit every obfervation to paper, and 
compare them with the remarks of correfpondents! 
on the fame fubject, that lye on every fide of him. 
He fhould attend likewife to the weather ; and to the 

2 plenty 


506 MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 


plenty or failure of fruits and berries ; as on thefe ac- 
cidents many curious remarks may be founded. He 
fhould cultivate an acquaintance with the gentlemen 
of the navy, and other fea-faring people; he fhould 
confult their journals, to ele what birds light on 
their fhips, at what feafons, in what latitudes, and in 
what weather, and from what points; and thus trace 
them in their very courfe. 

A comparative view of the writings of thofe who 
fhould embrace this part of natural hiftory, would 
throw great light on the fubject. But it is to be Ja- 
mented, that none, except two northern naturalifts, 
Mr. Klein and Mr. Ekmarck, have profefledly treated 
on this point. The fouthern parts of Europe, which 
may be fuppofed to receive, during winter, many of 
our land birds, have as yet produced no faumif? to af- 
filt the inquiries of the naturalifts, which muft ae- 
count for the imperfect knowlege we have of the re- 
treat of many of our birds. 

We muft not omit, however, our acknowledge- 
ments to two eminent pens that have treated this fub- 
jet as far as it related to rural ceconomy, and, in 
fuch a manner, as do honour to their refpective coun- 
tries; we mean Mr. Alex. Mal. Berger and Mr. Stil- 
lingfleet: whom we fhould not mention a fecond 
time*, but to confefs the aid we here receive from 
their faithful attention to the fubjectin queftion. 

We with that any thing we could fay, would in- 
duce others of our countrymen to follow their exam- 
ple: they need not fear that the matter is exhaufted, 


* Tide Preface, P 
or 


MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 507 


for every county will furnifh new obfervations; each 
of which, when compared, will ferve to ftrengthen 
and confirm the other. Such an amufement is 
worthy of every one, beneath none; but would be- 
come no order of men better than our clergy, as they 
are (or ought to be) the bef qualified, and the 
moft ftationary part of the community; and, 
as this is a mixed fpecies of ftudy (when confidered as 
phyfico-theology) it is therefore particularly perti- 
nent to their profeffion. A moft ingenious friend, 
whom modefty prevents from putting his name to a 
work that renders obfervations of this kind of the ut- 
moft facility, has pointed out the way, and methodi- 
zed every remark that can occur; the farmer, the 
fportfman, and the philofopher, will be led te the 
choice of materials proper to beinferted in that ufeful 
companion, the Naturalif’s Fournal *. 

From the obfervations of our friends, from thofe 
made by ourfelves, and from the lights afforded us by 
preceding writers, we fhall, in the brief relation we 
can pretend to give, proceed in a generical order, and 
as far as poffible, trace each fpecies of bird to its re- 
treat. 

A few words will explain the caufe of their difap- 
pearance in thefe northern regions; a defect of food at 
certain feafons, or the want of a fecure afylum from 
the perfecution of man during the time of courtihip,’ 
incubation and nutrition. 


* Printed for W. Sandby, Fleet-Strect, London, 1767. Price 
one fhilling and fix-pence. 


a Kk : Hawks 


508 


Owls, 


Butcher- birds. 


MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 
Hawks. 


All the ignoble fpecies of this genus 
breed in Great-Britain; of the Fal- 
cons, we only know that which is 
called the Peregrine, which builds its 
neft annually in the rocks of Liaz- 
didno, Caernarvonfbire. } 


We are affured that every fpecies 
breeds here except the 4tile Owl, 
and /bort eared Owl, but we are not 
certain that thofe do not. Hawks 
and owls are birds of prey, and 
having at all times in this ifland 
means of living, are not obliged to 
quit their quarters. 


The Flujher, or red backed Butcher- 
bird, breeds with us; we have not 
heard of the others, fo fufpe@ that 


they migrate. 


Of this genus, the Royton Crow, 
migrates regularly with the Wood- 


cock. The Chatterer vifits this king- 


dom at very uncertain times; the 
former breeds in Sueden and Auftria; 
but why a bird, whofe food is fuch 
that may be found at all feafons in 
this country, fhould leave us, is para- 
doxical. eae 


Wo0d- 


MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 509 


Woodpeckers. 


Wryneck.. 


Cuckoo. 


Nuthatch. 


Kingfifber. 


Creeper. 


Hoopee. 


Chough. 


Continue with us the whole year; 
their food being the Jarvz of infeéts, 
which lodge themfelves at all times 
in the bark of trees. 


Is a bird that leaves us in the winter. 
If its diet be ants alone, as feveral 
affert, the caufe of its migration is 
very evident. This bird difappears 
before winter, and revifits us in the 


- {pring a little earlier than the Cuckoo. 


Difappears early in autumn; the re- 
treat of this and the preceding bird 
is quite unknown to us. 


Refides in this country the whole 
year, 


Continues here through all feafons. 
Never leaves the country. 


Comes to England but by accident: 
we once indeed heard of a pair that 
attempted to make their neft in a 
meadow at Selborne, Hampfhire, but 
were frighted away by the curiofity 
of people. It breeds in Germany. 


Inhabites Great Britain at all times; 
its food being infects and corn. — 


Kk 2 Grous, 


gi10 MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 


Grous. 


Buftatd. 


Pigeons: 


T hruphes. 


The whole tribe, except the Quail, 
lives here all the year round: that 
bird either leaves us, or elfe retires 


- towards the fea-coafts *. 


-Inhabites our downs and their neigh- 


borhood all the year. 


Some few of the Ring-doves breed 
here ; but the multitude that appears 
in the winter, is fo difproportioned to 
what continue here the whole year, as 
to make it certain that the greateft 
part quit the country in the fpring. 
It is moft probablé they go to Sueden 
to breed, and return from thence in 
autumn; as Mr. Lkmark informs us 
they entirely quit that country before 
winter +. We fufpect that the Zur- 
tle leaves us.in the winter, at left 
changes its place, removing to the 
fouthern counties. 


The Fieldfare and the Redwing breed 
and pafs their fummers in Norway, 
and other cold countries ; their food 
is berries, which abounding in our 
kingdoms, tempts them here in the 
winter. Thefe two and the Roy/tox 
crow, are the only land-birds that re- 


* Vide p. 210. of this work. 
} dmen, Acad.iv. §92. 


gularly 


MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 511 


Staves 


Bice. 


Slender billed 
fmall birds. 


gularly andconftantly migrate intothis 


ifland, and do not breed here. The 
Chaiterer, the Hawyinch and Crofsbill 
come here at fuch uncertain times, 
as not toUeferve the name of birds of 
paffage ; and, on that account, rather 
merit a place in the appendix than in 
the body of the work. 


Breeds here ; poffibly feveral remove 


_ to other countries for that purpofe, 


fince the produce of thofe that con- 
tinue here, feems unequal to the 
clouds of them that appear in winter, 
It is not unlikely that many migrate 
into Sueden, where Mr. Berger ob- 
ferves they return in fpring. 


_ Every fpecies difappears at Lae 
_ of winter. 


All of thefe feed on infects and 
worms; yet only part of them quit 
thefe kingdoms; though the reafon of 
migration is the fametoall. The 
Nightingale, Blackcap, Flycatcher, 
Willow-wren, Wheatear, Whinchat, 
Stone-chatter, and White - throat, 
leave us before winter, while the 
fmall and delicate golden Creffed-wren 
braves our fevereft frofts. We ima- 
gine that the migrants of this genus 

Kk 3 | continue 


312 MIGRATION OF ERITISH BIRDS. 


Grosbeaks. 


Finches. 


Buntings. 


O mice. 


continue longeft in Great-Britain in 
the fouthern counties, the winter in 
thofe parts being later than in thofe 
of the north, Mr. Stillingfleet having 
obferved a Wheatear in the ifle of 
Purbeck the 18th of November l\aft. 
As thefe birds are incapable of very 
diftant flights, we fufpect that Spain, 
or the fouth of France, is their winter 
afylum. 


The Grosbeak and Crofsbill come here 
but feldom; they breed in Aujiria. 


All continue in fome parts of thefe 
kingdoms, except the Siskiz, which is 
an irregular vifitant, faid to come 
from Ruffia. The Linnets thift their 
quarters, breeding in one part of this 
ifland, and remove with their young 
to others. All finches feed on the 
feeds of plants. 


All the genus inhabite this kingdom 


throughout the year, except the 


greater Brambling, which is forced 
here from the north in very fevere 
feafons. 


Never quit this country ; they feed on 
infects and their /arve. 


WATER 


ae 


MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 513 


WATER FOWL. 


Of the vaft variety of water fowl that frequent 
Great-Britain, it is amazing to reflect how few are 
known to breed here: the caufe that principally 
urges them to leave this country, feerns to be not 
merely the want of food, but the defire of a fecure 
retreat. Qur country is too populous for birds fo’ 
fhy and timid as the bulk of thefe are: when great 
part of our ifland was a meer watte, a tract of woods 
and fen; doubtlefs many fpecies of birds (which at 
this time migrate) remained in fecurity throughout 
the year. Egrets, a fpecies of Heron, now fcarce 
known in this ifland, were in former times in prodi- 
gious plenty ; and the Crane, that has totally forfaken 
this country, bred familiarly in our marfhes: their 
place of incubation, as well as of all other cloven 
footed water fowl (the Heron excepted) being on the 
ground, and expofed to every one: as rural cecono- 
my increafed in this country, thefe animals were more 
and more difturbed ; at length, by a feries of alarms, 
they were neceflitated to rea during the fummer, 
fome lonely fafe habitation. 

‘On the contrary, thofe that build or lay in the 
almoft inacceflible rocks that impend over the Briiz/d 
feas, breed there ftill in vaft numbers, having little 
to fear from the approach of mankind: the only dif- 
turbance they meet with in general, being from the 
defperate attempts of fome few to get their eggs. 


Kk 4 CLOVEN 


B14 MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS, 


4 
1 suas eae 


CLOVEN FOOTED WATER FOWL. 


Herons. 


Curlews. 


Sandpipers. 


Pbhvers. 


The creffed Heron and the white Heron 
are uncommon birds, and vifit us at 
uncertain feafons ; the common kind 
and the Bét/erm never leave us. 


The Curlew breeds fometimes on our 
mountains; but, confidering the 
vaft flights that appear in winter, we 
imagine the greater part retire to 
other countries: the Whimbrel en- 
tirely leaves England in the fpring. 


The Wocdcock breeds in the moift 
woods of Sweden, and other cold 
countries. Some Swipes breed here, 
but we believe the greateft part retire 
elfewhere; as do every other fpecies 
of this genus. 


The Lapwing continues here the 
whole year; the Ruff breeds here, 
but retires in winter; the Redbank. 
and Sandpiper breed in this country, 
and refide here, All the others ab- 
fent them{elves during fummer. 


The green Plover, long legged Plover 
and Sanderhing, vifit us only in winters, 
the 


MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 515 


the Dotirel appears in {pring and ia 
autumn, yet whatis very fingular we 
do not find it breeds here. The 
Sea Pie lives with us the whole year. 
The Narfolk Plover and Sea Lark 
breed in England. 

We muft here remark, that every 
fpecies of the genera of Curlews, 
VW oodcocks, Sandpipers and Plovers *, 
that forfake us in the fpring, retire to 
Sueden, Poland, Pruffia, Norway, 
and Lapland to breed ; as foon as the 
young can fly, they return to us 
again 5 becaufe the frofts which fet 
in early in thofe countries totally de- 
prive them of the means of fubfift- 
ing; asthe drynefs and hardnefs of 
the ground in general during our 
fummer prevent them from pene- 
trating the earth with their bills, in 
fearch of worms, which are the na- 
tural food of thefe birds. 


* Mr. Ekmarck fpeaks thus of the retreat of the whole tribe of 
cloven footed water fowl out of his country (Sweden) at the ap- 
proach of winter; and Mr. K/eiz gives much the fame account of 
thofe of Poland and Prufia. 

Grallg (tanquam conjuratz) unanimiter in fugam fe conjiciunt, 
ne earum unicam quidem inter nos habitantem invenire poflumus. 
Amen. Acad. iv. 588. 

Scolopaces et Glareo/e incredibilibus multitudinibus verno tempore 
in Podnia et Barafia nidulantur ; appropinquante autumno turmatim 
svolant. Klein de av. errat. 187. : 


Rail 


516 MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS: 


Rail. 
Water bens. 


Every fpecies of thefe two genera 
continue with us the whole year ; the 
Land Rail excepted, which is not 
feen here in winter. It likewife con- 


tinues in Ireland only during the fum- - 


mer months, when they are very nu- 
merous, as Mr. Smith tells us in the 
hiftory of Waterford, p. 336. Great 
numbers appear in Anglefea the latter 
end of May; itis fuppofed that they 


pafs over from Jreland, the paflage ° 


between the two iflands being but 
fmall. As we have inftances of thefe 
birds lighting on fhips in the Channet 
and the Bay of Bi/cay, we conjecture 
their winter quarters to be in Spazn. 


FINNED FOOTED WATER BIRDS. 


Scollop toed 
Sandpipers. 


Coot. 


Grebs. 


Vifit us but feldom ; their breeding 
place is Lapland*, and other arctic 
regions. 


Inhabites Great-Britain the whole 
year. 


The great crefted Grebe, the black and 
avhite Grebe, and little Grebe breed 
with us, and never migrate; the 


others vifit us accidentally, and 


breed in Lapland. 


* Amen, aad. Ws 590s 


WEB: 


MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 517 


WEB-FOOTED BIRDS. 


Avofettas 


Lt ks ‘ 


Divers: 


Gulls. 


~ -‘Vifits our fhores in the winter time; 


it breeds in futland, from whence 
we have been favored with the eggs 


by Mr, Teilmand of Endrupholin. 


The great Auk or Penguin {ome- 
times breed in St. Kilda. The Auk, 
the Guillemot and Puffin inhabite moft 
of the maritime cliffs of Great- 
Britain, in amazing numbers, during 
fummer. The lack Guillemot breeds 
in the Ba/s Ile, and in St. Kilda, and 
fometimes in Liandiduo rocks. We 
are at alofs for the breeding place of 
the other fpecies ; neither can we be 
very certain of the winter refidence 
of any of them. 


Thefe breed in the lakes of Sueden — 
and Lapland, and fome in conntries 
nearer the Pole*. 


Except the Skua, and black toed Gull 
or Cepphus, it 1s certain every fpecies 


_ breeds in the Brits Jfles; thofe two 


inhabite the Ferree Jfles, Norway and 
Iceland, and fometimes vifit our 
country. By the defcription of a large 


* Faua. Succ, No. 150. Craats, Greenl, i, 82. 83. 


Guill 


5:8 MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 


Gull found in St. Kilda*, we fufpede 
that the Séua breeds there. 


Terns. Every fpecies breeds here ; but leaves 
us in the winter. 


Petrels. The Fulmar breeds in the ifle of Sé. 
Kilda, and continues there the whole 
year, except September and part of 
Ogfober; the Shearwater vifits the 
dle of Man in April, breeds there, 
and leaving it in Avgujt or the begin. 
ning of September, difperles over all 
parts of the Atlantic Ocean. The 
Siormpnch is feen at all diftances 
from land on the fame vaft watry 
tract, nor is ever found near fhore 
except by fome very rare accident. 
Should this be (as we fufpect) the © 
fame with the Gourder of the Blafket 
Ties, mentioned by Swmth, and the 
Affilag and Goylir defcribed by Mar- 
dim, it breeds- on the coaft of Kerry 
and in St. Kida-+, if thofe writers 
can be depended on. It is a mor- 
tifying reflection that the king- 
doms of Scotland and Ireland, 
though they have produced fo many 
men of learning and genius, fhould 
not have furnifhed one naturalift 
* Bfacaalay’s St. Kilda. 72. 


+ Smith's bit, Kerry, 186. Martin's uy. Ste Kilda, 34: Hit. 
Wei. Yes, 72 ; 


a 


whom 


MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 519 


whom we dare quote with confi- 
dence: that the out-line of North 
Britifo zoology, left by Sir Robert 
_ Sibbald near ninety-nine years ago, 
hath not been yet filled up; and 
that in this little eflay we are obliged 
to pafs over a confiderable part of this 
ifland (from whence doubtlefs many 
of our birds take their departure) 
and to trace them from foreign 
writers and from foreign fhores. 


Goofanders. This whole genus is mentioned 
among the birds that fill the Lap- 
land\akes during fummer: for they 

quit our fhores in fpring. 


Ducks. ©f the numerous fpecies that form 
this genus, we know of no more 
than five that breed here. The tame 
Swan and tame Goofe, the Shield Duck, 
the Lider Duck, and a very {mall 
portion of the wild Ducks. 

The reft contribute to form that 
amazing multitude of water fowl, 
that annually repair from moft parts 
of Europe to the woods and lakes of 
Lapland, and other arétic regions *, 


-* Barents found the Berzacles with their nefts in great numbers 
in Nova Zembla. Collec. voy. Dutch Eaft-India Company, 8vo. 
4703. p.19. Clufus in his Exot. 368. alfo obferves, that the 
Duich difcoveted them on the rocks of that country and in Waygate 
Siraits. They, as wellasthe other fpecies of wild Geefe, go very 
é ; fat 


520 MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS: 


Corvoranis. 


there to perform the functions of in- 
cubation and nutrition in full fecu- 
rity. They and their young quit their 
retreat in Sepiember, and difperfe 
themfelves over Europe. With us 
they make their appearance the be- 
ginning of Ofober; circulate firft 
round our fhores, and when compel- 
led by fevere froft, betake them- 
felves to our lakes and rivers. Of 
the web-foored fowl there are fome 
of hardier confticutions than others ; 
thefe endure the ordinary winters of 
the more northern countries, but 
when the cold reigns there with more 
than commonrigor, repair for fhelter 
to thefe kingdoms: this regulates 
the appearance of fome of the Drver 
kind, as alfo of the cid Swans, the 
Swallow tailed Shield Duck, and the 
different forts of Goofanders which 
then vifit our coafts. | 
The Ccrvorant and Shag breed on 
moft of our high rocks: the Gannet 
in fome of the Scotch ifles, and on the 


far north to breed, as appears from the hiftories of Greenland and 
Spitzbergen, by Egede and Craniz. Thefe birds feem to make 
Iceland a veiling place, for, as Horrebor obferves, few continue there 
to breed, but only vifit that ifland in the {pring, and after a fhort 
Ray, retire fill farther north. Coll. voy. Dutch India company, 6v0- 


1703. p. 19. 


The Sxval/o 


av tailed Shield Duck breeds in the Ley Sea, and is forced 


fouthward only in yery hard winters. Amen. Acad. iv. 585. 


coaft 


MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 521 


coaft of Kerry: the two firft continue 
on our fhores the whole year. The 
Gannet difperfes itfelf all round the 
feas of Great-Britain, in purfuit of 
the Herring and Pilchard, and even 
as far as the Zagus to prey on the 
Sardina. 


But of the numerous fpecies of fowl here enume- 
rated, it may be obferved how very few entruft them- 
{elves to us inthe breeding feafon; and what a diftant 
flight they make to perform the firft great dictate of 
nature. 

There feems to be fcarcely any but what we have 
traced to Lapland, a country of lakes, rivers, fwamps 
and alps*, covered with thick and gloomy forefts; 
that afford fhelter during fummer to thefe fowls, 
which ia winter difperfe over the greateft part of 
Europe. An thofe aréfic regions, by reafon of the 
thicknefs of the woods, the ground remains moift and 
penetrable to the Woodcacks, and other flender billed 
fowl: and for the web-footed birds +, the waters afford, 
Jarve innumerable of the tormenting Kyat. The days 
there are long ; and the beautiful meteorous nights 
indulge them with every opportunity of collecting fo 


_* Flora Lapponica Le&ori et Proleg. 

+ A difciple of Linnzus, {peaks thus of their food, Lapponia, ubi 
vicum ex /arwvis et pupes culicum, altrix paravit numinis munificen- 
tia. Amen. acad.iv. 1,5. M. de Maupertuzs makes the fame obfer- 
vation, Ce ruiffeau nous conduifit a un lac fi rempli de petits grains 
jaunatres de la grofieur du M4:/ que toute fon eau en etoitteinte. Je 
pris ces grains pour la Chrifalide de quelque infecte, sc. Ovcuwres de 
M. de Maupertats, ii. 116. 


minute 


soa MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 


minute a food : whilft mankind is very {parigly {cat- 
tered over that vaft northern wafte. 

Why then fhould ZLinnzus, the great explorer of 
thefe rude deferts, be amazed at the myriads of water 
fow] that migrated with him out of Lapland? Which 

exceeded ini multitudes the army of Xermes; covering, 
for eight whole days and nights, the furface of the 
river Calix*. His partial obfervation as a botanift, 
would confine their food to the vegetable kingdom, 
almoft denied to the Lapland waters ; inattentive toa 
more plenteous table of infect food, which the all boun- 
tiful Creator had fpread for them in the wildernefs 7. 


* Flora Lapponica, 273. Amen. acad.iv. 570. 

+ Ic may be remarked, that the lakes of mountanous rocky 
countries in general are deftitute of plants : few or none are feen on 
thofe of Savuitzerland; and Linzeus makes the fame obfervation in 
refpeét to thofe of Las/and; having, during his whole tour; dif- 
covered only a fingle fpecimen, that of a /emna trifulca, or ivy leaved 
duck's meat, Flora Lap. No. 470. 


N D 


A. 

Berdavine 310 
Acanthis, what fuppofed 

to be 305 
Zjopus, his difh of finging 
birds 335 
Agafaeus, Agaffeus, what dogs 
52 

America, no rats there origi- 
nally 99 


Anacreon, mentions the car- 
rier pigeon 219 
Ariofio, his account of the 
fame ib. 
Arifiophanes, mentions the ufe 
failors made of the flight 


of birds 402 
Afs II 
—not originally a native of 
Britain 12 
Afterias, what bird 343 


Aitagas or Attagen, what bird 


352 
Auk, the Bieatels or Penguin 
401 
common | 4.03 
—— black billed 404. 
—— little 409 
Avofetta 399 
B. 
Badger 64. 
Barley bird or Sifkin 310 
Bat, fhort eared - 114 
long eared 116 
a tame one 506 
ea once feund in Bri iain 
63 


Saal 


Beaver, now exiin«t 70 
Belon, the firft craveller who 
made remarks in putural 


hiftory 192 
Bernacle 451 
Bifon Scoticus 13 
Bittern 2A2 

the AMflerias of the 

Sakis 343 

the little 493 
Black-bird 223 
Black-cap 262 
Black-cock 201 

{potted 203 
Bloodhound, its ufe 51 


Boadicia, her ufe of the hare go 
Boar, wild, once found in 


Eland 44 
Bots, what 9 
Brambling 207 
— greater and IJcfler 

3229, 325 

Brawn, a dith peculiar to Eng- 
land 44. 
Brent goofe 452 


Britain, i its natural advantages, 


preface i it 

Bruce, Robert K. of Scotland; 
faved fromawildbull 18 
Buck 34 
Bulfinch 299 
Bulls, wild 18 
- Bunting 318 
Buftard _ 214 
Butcher-bird, great 165 
red backed 163 

left 165 

Ll Buzzard; 


ead 


“4 K NID Ea % 


Buzzard, bald, vide ofprey 


hapnens 145 
common 143, 

moor 146 

~ 

Canary Badd 316 
Carrier pigeon, itsufes 218 
Cat, tame 45 
——— its value formetly 46 


—— odd penalty for ftealing 


the prince’s 46 
wild 47 
Cataraéia or Skua 417 
a name applied to the 
cannet 483 


Cattle, wild 

Cavalry, Briti/h, refpeSable 3 
—— poor ftate of, in Q, E- 
zabeth’s time 

numerous in the time of 


K. Stephen ib. 
Cepphus, gull 419 
Chafiinch 206 
Chariots, {cythed, of the Bri. 

tains 3 


Chatterer, Bohemian 173 
Cheefe, not made by the 


Britains ; 16 
Chenerotes 452 
Chevy Chace, the ftory not im- 

probable 6 


Childers, a horfe, his fpeed ie 
‘Churn ow! 246 
Cloven footed water fowl 339 
Coaches, when firft ufed in 


England 7 
Coddy moddy gull 423 
Cornifo Chouch © i 

tarrock: 


. Apee 

ry gentlemen, the ftudy 
of natural hiftory recom- 
meudedto preface xiv 


‘Count 


Cock, common, or ‘poultry 
aan 21 
—— wild only in India ibid. 


-—— the black 201 

of the wood _ 199 
Coldfinch ~ 273 
Colemoufe 326 


Coot 392 
Coracles, or Jeathern boats 20 
Corvorant 476 
—— its voracioufnefs 477 
Satan, faid by Milton to 


have affumed the form of 

this bird ibid. 
Crane 490 
Creeper 193 
Crofsbill 279 
Crow 167 
Royfion 169 
Cuckoo 182 
why a name of reproach 

183 

Curlew 246 
{tone 378 
Cypfelli, Plinit 435 


Decoys, an account af 463 
Didapper, or little Grebe 398 


Diver, great northern 413 
grey foeckled 414 
red throated 415 


Divinity, how far natural 
hiftory may promote the 
end of pr eface vil. 
Docking of horfes, an abfurd 
cuftom.—__...- : 9 
Dogs 49 
fetting ~ 54 
AB. 55 
fhepherd’s ibid. 


Bnglifos in high efteem 
with the Remans 56 
Dormoufe 2 65 


Dottrel 


PON) Di Be xX. iii 


Dottrel 381 
Dove, turtle 222 
Greenland 412 
Ducks, wild andtame 462 
Eider | 454 
—— ferruginous 471 
grey headed ibid. 
tufted ba 
— {caup 459 
Dun-bird, as female Be 
470 
Dun-diver, or female goofan- 
der 436 
Dun-diver or ferula Aas 
Dunlin 374 
E. 
Eagle, golden 121 
ringtail 124, 
—— fea 126 


_Eaglescarryaway children 123. 


their longevity ibid. 
Edgar, king, his advice to the 


clergy 37 
-— did not extirpate woives 
out of Wales 62 
Egret 
«Eider duck 


454 
EneQdvrix Vari of Strabo 76 


- Elk, or wild fwan 440 
“Ermine 34. 
how taken in Lapland 
and Szberia 85 
~Etne;'a fort of Eagle 13t 
a F. 
- Falcon, peregrine 136 
grey 137 
Falcon ry 132 


Fallow deer, the fpotted 37 
deep brown 


“Fallow: {mich, or wheatear 
269 
Feather trade. + « 448 


Fern owl 246 
Ferret, originally, of Africa 79 
will produce with the 


polecat 78 
Ferruginous duck 471 
Fieldfare 225 
Fin-footed water fowl 390 
Flight, {mall birds of 329 
Fly-catcher 264 
Fogs, apology for thofe “ 

Britain 15 
Fortunate Jffes, famous for 

birds 216 
Fox 58 


will not produce with 


the dog kind ibid. 
Varieties of 61 
Frefnoy, his obfervation » preface 
Vill 

Froiffart, his ory of a gre- 
hound 53 
Fulmar 431 
its ufes in the ifle of St. 
Kilda 432 

G 
Gadwal or Grey 472 


Gannet 479 
its ufe to the inhabitants 
of St. Kilda 482 
Dr. W. Harvey, his ele- 
gant account of thefe 


itd 481 
Garganey 474 
Goat 29 
Welch, the largeft 30 


its milk medicinal 32 


Goatfucker 246 
Godwit 35 
not the Attagas 352 
the red 353 
the lefler 355 
Golden-eye 400 
Goldanea 


303 
Gold- 


a. [IN D Bk yi 


Goldfinch, not the Aeanthis 


305. 
Goofander 430, 
Goofe, wild 447 
tame 448 
the brent .. - 452 
——the ratorroad 453 
-—— white fronted 452 
Gofhawk 140 
Grebe, great crefted 393: 
its floating neft 394 


— of Geneva, our grebe 395 
~=e— leffer crefted _ 390 
—— white anddufky 397 
—-— little or dobchick 398 


——— its fingular neft 399 
Green-finch 301 
Greenthanks 357 
yp neune 52 
Grey headed duck 471 
Grofbeak 278 
Grous, the genus of 199 


fpecies, or red game 204 
Guillemot 


410 

leffer 4II 

=—— black 412 

Guinea hen 212 

(sull, great black and white 

416 

black toed 419 

—— arctic 420 

+— herring 421 

- brown and white 422 

common 424 

—— pewit 426 

— {mall brown 427 

_—— caren footed 430 

» Jobnfin’s 391 

Ee vhclcon 135 
H. 

Elalczon of the antients 188 

days, what 190 

Hare 87 


- Hare, a food forbidden A: the 


Britains 


: gO 
Hawfinch 298 
Hawks, the Welch 154 
—— fubje& to change their 

_ colors Uh 139 
Hedge-hog 106 
—— its great patience under 

__ torture 108 
Hedge fparrow - 265 
Hen-harrier 147. 
Herbert, Lord, his cenfure of 

races ~& 
Heron, crefted 339 
- common 340: 
white 345 
Himantopus 380 
Hinds, milch, kept by a 
countefs of Cheer — 38- 
Hobby io7i, 150 
Hog “Ar 
not an undiftinguithing 
feeder 42 
——— its parts finely adapted 
to its way of hfe... 43 
Hoofed quadrupeds, domeftic, 
why } & 
Hoopoe 19 
—— believed by the vulgar to 
portend war 196 
Hooper, or wild fwan - 440 
Horns fofil 40 
Horfe, Briti/h I 
its fwiftnefs 2 
—— firength 3 
— Spanifh, when firft intro- 
duced 4 
- numbers 6 


natural hiftory and ufes 7 


Hunting, Englifh very fond of | 


35, 


Hufbandry or rural economy, 
how far indebted to xsalo- 
gy tae mE 
ie ' Jack= 


\ 


IN D 
as Gi Ie 

Jackdaw 176 
Jackfnipe 359 
Fanes i. his lane for hunt- 

Homing 2s 3 
— his carnbat of the lion 
and Britifh dogs 55 
Jaap zooeoss %: 172 
Keftril 149 
Kingfifher 187 
—— the Halcyon of the an- 
~ tients 188 
—» the mute Halcyon of Ari- 
Siotle ib. 
—— its neft ib. 
Kite - 141 
art of fteering taken 

from ib. 
Kittiwake, gull 427 
Knot 306 
Lagepus 207 


Lagopus altera of Pliny, uncer- 
_ tain what bird 205 
Lanner 138 
Lanthorns when invented’ 20 
Lapland, the great rendezvous 
of water As shi 

» fummer 


521 
Lapwing ~ 360 
Lark, fky 238 

wood 236 
—— tit Paes 
~lefler field 238 


~—— red 239 


——- lefler crefted ibid, 

grafhopper >. 2405 
—— willow 241 
—— fea 282 
Le Meo DEA atte: 9 
fig Ne 2A. SSE of AVE fel exe) 


E X. v- 
Linnet — 311 
-— red headed 313, 314 


London, quantity of cattle con- 

fumed there 17 
Loon, vide Grebe 
Lucan, defcribes the'Coracle 20 


M. 
Magpie 17" 
Mallard 462 
Martin (beaft) 79 
—— yellow breafted 85 


numerous in North Ame- 


rica $2 
Martin (bird) 243 
—-— black or fwift 245 
fand 244 
Mattiff, Briti/b, trained for 
war 56 


Mattiffs, three, overcome alion 


nites 
Miaundeville, Sir John, his ac- 
count of the carrier pi- 


geon “Oi§ 
Meleagris, the Guinea hens 
212 

Merlin 153 
Mew, winter : (gay 
Migration of fwallows | 248 


~— of Briti/h birds in gene- 


» ral SCS 
Mition, his fine image of the 
Geass or 234 


elegant defcription of the 


nightingale’s fone 256 
beautiful and ‘natural 
image of the ivan 442 
Miffel bird 23 
—— the largeft bird that fies 
224. 

Mole 108 
Moor-hen 388 
Marley 


vi 


Morte fufpected to be Britifh 
76 

Mouffon, mufimon, 2 fort 

fheep: 

Moufe, Fe tailed field es 
—— fhort tailed I ee 
common 105 
lefier Tong tailed field 
498 
14 


Mule, errors in breaking 


N. 
Newell, archbifhop, his great 


feaft 495 
Nightingale 254, and 339 
-—— Pliny’s beautiful defcrip- 


tiom of its fong 258 
Norfolé plover 378 
Norway rat 99 
‘Wutcracker 488 
Nuthatch 185 


C): 
Oppian’s def{cription of the 
beagle 52 
Orpheus, his fou! faid to have 


tranfmigrated) into the 
body of a fwan 444 
Ofprey 128 
Otter 67 


confidered as a fifh by 
the Carthufians 63 
fea, of Sir R. Sibbald 69 

his account of the bat 


bad. 


ate 
116 
of the hoopoe 196 
Ouzel, ring 229 
rock ib. 
watcr 230 
rofe colored 48Q 
Owl, eared or horned 355 
156 
white 157 
brow i 159 
tawny Iss 


rf IN D E xX. 
Owl, little 


160 
x RO Me a= 


. Pe 
Painter, his merit founded on 
his knowledge of nature 
preface vit 
Parks, numerous in England 


37 
Partridge 208 
-—_— white 206 


Pafturage, richnefs of the 
Britifh and [rifh 15, 16 
much cultivated by the 
old Englifh 16 


Peacock, an Indian bird ary 


Penguin, the great auk gor 
Penhebogyd, ox chief falconer 

at the Welch court 154 
Petrels 431 
their ne of fpouting 
oil 


Pettychaps ya 
Pewit or lapwing 360 
cull 426 
Pheafant, not originally Bri- 
tifp 212 

fea 468 

Pie, fea 376 
Pigeons 216 
carrier, its ufes 218 
Pintail duck 468 
Plover, green 379 
grey 362 
greater 356 

long legged 280 
Norfo'k ob ae 
Pochard 470 
Poetry, can fearcely exit 
without the aid of natu- 

ral hiftory .... preface vii 
Pole-cat si 
—— faid to produce with the 
ferret 78 


Pre- 


GON, Dy Be Xx. 


Procurator Cynegit, what 56 
Provifions, what animals ufed 


as, by the old Hngli/h 495 
Ptarmigan i) 200 
Puffin 405 
—— antient method of taking 

| 407 
—— Manks 433 
Purre 374 
Quail 209 
Queeft 221 
Rabbit go 

its vatt fruitfalnefs QI 
Bices, account of Ss 
Rail, land 387 
—— water 385 
‘Rams, Bet price of 2% 
eats 97 
Rat- catcher, the king’s =. 8 
“Rat, Norway “99 

of uncertain origin tb. 
Rat, water IOI 
Riven 82 8 2 167 
‘Razor-bill, or auk 403 
—— great fize of its ege 404 
‘Red-game’ 204 
Red- fhank 368 
the {potted 257) 
aed. ftart 259 
‘Red-wing 227 


Reed- {yarrow 320 
“Ridinger, the engraver, his 


merit, preface Vili. 
Ring-dove 221 
Ring-owzel 229 
Ring-tail 147 


“Robin red-breaft 260 
—— endeared to children by 
the old fong, the babes in 
the wood > 201 


Rock ouzel 229 
Roebuck 39 
Roller 4837 
Rook 168 
Roy/lon crow 169 
Ruff and reeve 362 
5. 
Sanderling 384. 
‘Sand martin 24.4. 
Sandpiper 3° 
—— afh-colored A 
{potted 269 
—— black fpotted ib. 
grecn EZ 
‘Sandpiper, fcallop toed, grey 
392 
redial: oth 30m 
Scarecrow + gam 
‘Scaup duck 2 
Scoter 


Sea fowl, their harfh note pd 


Sea lark 285 
pie 376 
Seal 7u 
once ufed at great feaits 
as food 74, 
Serula 437 
Shag 472 


Shaw, rev. Dr. his euloge 1g 
Shearwater a3t 
Sheep 

—— of Hirta or St. Kilde's 25 


—— trepanning of 28 
Shieldrake 46x 
—— poflibly the Ceiidlehee 
Plhiniz Ab2 
{wallow tailed 469 
Shoveler abd 
red breafted 487 
Shrew- week 1i2 
Silius Ltacus, his fine defcrin~ 


tion ie the fi lwaa -40 


3 Siges 


Vill 


 Silius Italicus, his account of 
the Halcyon _ IQI 
Singing birds, their great e- 
mulation 334 
—— vaft power of voice ib. 
Sitk-tail 


Hk ee 
Siskin 309 
Smew - 438 

red-headed 439 
Snipe 358 
the jack 259 
Soland-goofe 479 


Spain, probably the winter re- 
fort of fome of our {mall 


birds of paflage 506 
Sparrow 300 
hedge 265 

— mountain 308 
hawk 151 
Squirrel 93 


Stag , 34 
where now found wild 37 


fevere punifhment for 
hs killing 44 
Stare 231 
Star-fhot, or Star-gelly, what 
423 
Siatius, his account of the 
Halcyon’s nett 395 
Stint, or purre 374 
Stoat 84 
the ermine, when white 
ibid, 
Stone, horfes fubjeA to 10 
Stone-chatter 272. 
Stone curlew 378 
Stoperola, vide flycatcher 
Storm-finch 424 
Superfoetation, hares faid to be 
fubject to 89 
Swallow 242 


——oi their difappearance 248 
—— found during winter in 
a torpid ftate 250 


INDEX. 


—— farther proofs of it 562 
Sea {wallows, vide Terns — 


‘Swan, wild ae 
tame 

— punifhment for Killing 

46 


—— inhigh efteem formerly 


442 

facred to Apolla and the 
mules 443 
——finging before their death 


446 
Suppofed origin of that fable 


444 

Swift 245 
Pag aie 

‘Tarrock 425 


Taurofihenes ads advice of his 
fuccefs in the Olmpic 
games by a pigeon 220 


Teal 475 
fummer _ 470 
Tern, the greater 428 
—— lefler 49 
—— black 430 
brown 427 


Theocritus, his account of es 
Halcyon 
Shae the naturalift’s ei 


260 

Throftle 226 
Thrufh 226 
Titlark 237 
—— that which fings like a 
grafshopper 240 
Titmoufe, great a 24 
—— blue ” Caan ata ae 
—— marih 326 
long tailed 327 
Tringe, vide Sandpipers 
Tufted duck 458 
Turky, an American bird 213 
Turn- 


1 WN cD BS. ix 


‘Turnbull, a furname, -whence 


derived 18 
Turnftone 370 
Turtle 2.22 
—— fea 412 
Twite 315 

U, 
Velvetduck 456 


Virgil's celebrated /imile of the 


nightingale 257 
Vitilia navigia, what a i) 
Urus 19 

r W. 
Wagel, Cornish 422 
Wazgtail, white 275 
—— yellow 276 
—— gre 27 
Water Gaal ; Dee 
Water-hen, {potted 386 

common 238 
Water rat IOI 
Webbed footed water fowl 

399 
-Weefel 82 
-Weefel coot 439 
Welch names of birds oils 
Wheat-ear 269 
Whimbrel 247 
Whin-chat 271 
(White-throat 274. 
Wigeon — 472 
‘Winter mew 423 


— its fuccefs 


Wolf, when extirpated 62 

not by K. Edgar _ ibid. 
W olfmoneth 63 
Wolffned ib. 
Wood-chat 164 
‘Woodcock 348 

their migrations 349 
W oodlark 2.36 
Woodpeckers, curious ftruc- 

ture 176 
— green ib. 

greater {potted 178 
lefler fpotted 180 
Wood-pigeon 216 


Woollen manufacture long 
neolected 22 
here what 


owing to 24. 
Wool, where the beft 25 
Wren 268 

willow _ 266 

golden crefted 267 


Writ of Edward 1. for extir- 
pating wolves out of Exg- 


land 62 
Wryneck 185 
Yellowham mer 319 

Zz. 


Zoology, clafical, too much 
ae aieoed by travellers 


192, 


e" AD WER TS BAGP NIT..1! asic 
| pl Lag few remaining copies of the folio edition of 
. the Britisn Zooxrocy, illuftrated with 132 
plates beautifully colored, are fold for the benefit of 
‘the Welch charity- fchool on Clerkenwell Green, by 
Richard Morris, E{q; at the Navy Office, and Benjamin 
White, at Horace’s Head, in Fleet-Street, price eleven 
guineas, half bound. 
Thofe who have not compleated their fetsy. are 
defired to apply to Mr. White for the fifth part, which 
_. confifts of twenty-five plates of the fcarceft Qua- 
_ drupeds and Birds of Great- Britain, and entirely c¢ con- 
cludes the work. Price 2]. 2s. 

At the fame place may be had, printed ona fingle 
fheet in folio, with a plate explaining the external 
parts of birds, 

A CATALOGUE OF BRITISH BIRDS. 


With queries intended to promote the knowledge of 
the natural hiftory of our own country. 


RE oASaD SAtas 

P. xix. 1. 7. for fol. r. 12m0, P.xx, 1.5. dele off 
_ Page 32. 1. uit. for Shin- boc, read re P27. for 
Ittis, r. Iltis. P. 82. for kafi, r. lef. Page go. note +. 
1. 2. dele ef. P.go. note ||. for « mace, 1. esmeca, P.r2r. 
for Aguila Chryfactos, x. Falco Chryfaetes. P. 147... after 
Cyaneus, add, Lin. fy? 126. P. 188. 1. 10. for adxuarec, 
rr eee P. 189. 1. 23. for equally, r. extremely. 
P. 189.1. alt. “of notes, for waej' rs Gra;.® “P.igiashare: 
for eng r. linnet, vide p. 305, P. 217.1. 24. for 
tO, faur. P.220. 1. 7, in’ Notes; for = Zragaee 
canto XV. QO. I. ae book 18. P. 254. 1. 3. for harmony, 
r. melody. P. 25%. 1. 11. for philofophical reafoning, Yr. and 
accurate ‘defer ipiion. Uikee for Kulo, r. Cul. P. 313.1. 5. 
after Jeff, add, without. P. 331.1. 9. for therets’ foandy: r. 
trey can find, P. 338. Ig. for te, x. an, “CR. Assia ae 
ior have, x. hath, P. 413. for Genus XII, 1. Genus XH. 
P. 416. for Geaus XIII. r. Genus XIV. P. 471.1. 13. after 


Linnaeus, add, who. 
Directions to the Bookbinder. 


Place the Title Page of the Second Volume before 


a age 2335. 


Sie 
1 ies AS 


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bat’? 
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